<p>For other plantations of the same name, see Oaklawn Plantation.</p><br>
<p>The Oaklawn Plantation is a historic plantation house in Natchitoches, Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located on the Louisiana Highway 494 East of Natchitoches in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built in 1830 for Narcisse Prudhomme. After his death in 1859, the property was inherited by his son, Achille Prudhomme. Although the plantation survived the Civil War of 1861-1865 intact, after Achille&#39;s death, the land was divided into parcels by his heirs and sold off. In 1916, Charles Edgar Cloutier, the husband of Adeline Prudhomme, a great-grandniece of Narcisse Prudhomme, purchased the property.</p><br>
<p>It is now owned by filmwriter Robert Harling, who used it in his film Steel Magnolias (dir. Herbert Ross, 1989).</p><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 28, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house has three stories, fourteen chimneys and a large gallery. It is an example of French creole architecture.</p><br>
<p>Cherry Grove Plantation is a historic plantation in Natchez, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located in South East Natchez.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built by Pierre Surget (1731-1796), a French planter, in 1788, over 2,500 acres of Spanish land grant. As such, it is one of the earliest private residence in Natchez. It remains in the Surget family.</p><br>
<p>In September 1861, a group of planters rounded up slaves after hearing rumors they schemed to “kill their masters”, and “ravish”, “ride” and “take the ladies for wives”. Ten were hanged at Cherry Grove Plantation.</p><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since March 31, 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The mansion has two stories, with a double winding staircase.</p><br>
<p>Gloucester is a historic mansion in Natchez, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located on Lower Woodville Road in South Natchez.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Originally known as Bellevue, the mansion was built for David Williams in 1800. Later, the house was inherited by Maria McIntosh Williams, the wife of Winthrop Sargent (1753–1820), who served as the first Governor of the Mississippi Territory from 1798 to 1801. It was then inherited by their son, George Washington Sargent, who was killed inside the house by Union forces in the American Civil War of 1861–1865.</p><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 7, 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>It has two stories, with columns and a large portico on the front.</p><br>
<p>The Theodore Parker Lukens House is a historic house located at 267 North El Molino Avenue in Pasadena, California. Built in 1886-87, the house is among the oldest standing in Pasadena. Architect Harry Ridgway designed the Victorian house; while its design is mainly influenced by the Stick and Eastlake subtypes, it also includes elements of the Queen Anne style. The house features multiple deep gables and gabled dormers with decorative stickwork hanging from the edges. The two-story front porch is supported by decorative posts and features patterned bargeboards above the first floor designed to resemble curtains.</p><br>
<p>The houses first owner, Theodore Parker Lukens, was a prominent horticulturalist and local real estate dealer. Lukens was a charter member of the Sierra Club and a friend of naturalist John Muir, and he was responsible for many of the clubs early activities in Southern California. Lukens also led California&#39;s first attempts at reforestation in the 1890s. For his efforts, Lukens was given the moniker "Father of Forestry", and a lake and mountain in California are named for him.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 29, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The False Bay is an 11 km wide south-southeasterly facing bay in South Australias upper Spencer Gulf region. It extends from the Whyalla steelworks at the southern end to Black Point at the eastern end. It features very wide, low gradient tidal, sand and salt flats which are up to 7 km wide. Five very low energy, rarely visited beaches are accessible to the public. The two boundary beaches are accessible by vehicles from the Port Bonython Road while the central three are surrounded by salt and tidal flats and tidal creeks. False Bays beaches are not patrolled but are rated among the state&#39;s least hazardous.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>False Bay is a favored spot for windsurfing and is described by local club members as a great onshore jump haven. The waves are consistently larger than those occurring in Adelaide coastal waters and the winds are often strong with winter northerlies providing prime conditions. False Bay is best sailed from the far eastern corner.</p><br>
<p>There is a total ban on the taking of cephalopods (cuttlefish, squid and octopus) in the waters of False Bay. The closure was created to protect the annual breeding aggregation of Sepia apama which occurs in the area and on adjacent rocky reefs at Whyalla and towards Point Lowly.</p><br>
<p>Buried Mountain is a mountain in the Orocopia Mountains, visible from Interstate 10. The mountain, which is visually isolated, gains its name due to its appearance of being "buried" into the ground, as it is 500 feet shorter than the rest of the Orocopia Mountains lying in the background.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain sits between Interstate 10 and Box Canyon Road, the old alignment of California State Route 195. The land is owned by the Bureau of Land Management, and the surrounding wash is occasionally used as a campsite and staging area for utility companies and youth groups. Immediately to the north of the mountain is the Buried Mountain Wash, which can be accessed through a dirt road, originally routed in the 1930s for utility purposes. To the south is the Box Canyon Wash, through which Box Canyon Road traverses. Box Canyon Wash travels through the eponymous Box Canyon of the nearby Mecca Hills, a popular area for geology instruction.</p><br>
<p>A series of wells were present at Buried Mountain, which supplied water for the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. A transmission line runs to the south of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit consists primarily of aplitic Mesozoic granite, younger than the Orocopia schist that it overlies. The base of the mountain is cut by a large fault, creating a significant non-conformity between the steep slopes of the mountain and lower shallow reaches, which are conglomerates and breccias of the Eocene Maniobra Formation.</p><br>
<p>The Old Grafton County Courthouse is a historic courthouse building at 1 Court Street in Plymouth, New Hampshire. This modest wood frame building was built in 1774 to serve as one of two courthouses for Grafton County, which had just been established; it is one of the oldest surviving civic structures in the state. It was described at the time of its construction as having "a stately cupola out of proportion to the diminutive size of the structure". After a new courthouse was built in 1823, the building was sold and moved to the outskirts of Plymouth, and used as a wheelwrights shop, undergoing significant alteration to accommodate that function. In 1876 the building was acquired by the Young Ladies Library Association, which moved it to its present location and restored it . It is now the museum of the Plymouth Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982,</p><br>
<p>The Spencer–Shippee–Lillbridge House, also known as the Crossways Farm and Walnut Brook Farm, is a historic farmstead at 12 Middle Road in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. The main house is a 2 1/2 story timber frame structure, five bays wide and three bays deep, whose construction date is traditionally given as 1772. There is, however, architectural evidence that it may be older . The building has a small 19th century addition, whose purpose was to provide a staircase for hired farmhands to reach the attic, where their living space was. The downstairs spaces have retained much of their original Georgian fabric, although a pantry space has been converted into a modern kitchen. There are five outbuildings on the 1.3 acre property, including a 19th-century wagon shed and horse barn. The house, once the centerpiece of a 225 acre farm, was held by members of the interrelated Spencer, Shippee, and Lillbridge families from its inception until 2001.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Jones Hall, also known as The Meetinghouse at Marlow Hill or The Christian Church, is a historic church and municipal building on Church Street in Marlow, New Hampshire. Built between 1792 and 1800, it is a rare 18th century meeting house in New Hampshire, although it has been altered somewhat and moved  from its original location; it was said to originally be a near duplicate of the Rockingham Meeting House in Vermont. Construction of the timber frame building was repeatedly delayed due to a shortage of funding. It first served as a combined religious and civic meeting house, with ownership residing with the society of pew owners.</p><br>
<p>When it was moved in 1845, a number of alterations were made. Its box pews were removed, a second floor was added at the gallery level, and stair locations were changed. The upper level was then used for church services. It is at this time that the building probably received its Greek Revival features. In 1890 the building was sold to the Jones family, who converted the upper level into a more secular auditorium space. The gallery was enlarged, and the stage area was improved for use in theatrical productions. A heating system was added, and the church spire was removed.</p><br>
<p>The Joneses donated the building to the town in 1897. The upper level is used for community events, and the lower level houses the town library.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Athnanangle Bridge is situated 2.6 km north-east of Aghabullogue village, and 6.9 km north of Coachford village. The bridge is located at the meeting point of the townlands of Clonmoyle East  and Killeenleigh . The Ordnance Survey name book  names it as Athnanagul.</p><br>
<p>A river ford, crossing the Dripsey River, existed here until recent times, and is depicted as Athnanangle Ford and Stepping Stones on the OS 1841 surveyed map. This was replaced by Athnanangle Bridge, which had been constructed by the beginning of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>Milner (1975) describes Athnanangle as an ancient ford which tradition associated with St. Olan of Aghabullogue and St. Lachteen of Donoughmore, being the meeting place where they marked the dividing line between their respective parishes of Aghabullogue and Donoughmore. The Irish Tourist Association survey of 1944 gives some local folklore, as to a misunderstanding between the two Saints on the question of division of parochial territories. St. Lachteen, believing a portion of his territory to be wrongfully obtained by St. Olan, is said to have remarked there will always be a robber at Aghabullogue, with St. Olan, considering his neighbour difficult to deal with, replying that Donoughmore will always have its mad dogs. Local tradition had it that any dog showing signs of hysteria was to be faced towards Donoughmore.</p><br>
<p>Many surviving bridges in mid-Cork are originally constructed of stone, arched in shape, and late eighteenth or early nineteenth century in date. Athnanangle Bridge does not fit within this category, being of later construction date.</p><br>
<p>The Conrad Rice Mill is an independently owned and operated rice mill located in New Iberia, Louisiana, and produces the Konriko brand of rice varieties. Established in 1912, it is the oldest independently owned rice mill in the United States still in operation, and listed in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Origins</h2><br>
<p>Philip Amelius (PA) Conrad (b. 1882, Pointe Coupee Parish, Louisiana) began rice farming in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana around the turn of the 20th century with his uncle Charles Conrad. Wanting to operate independently, he moved to New Iberia on the banks of the Bayou Teche, buying land on the north side of the Bayou near present-day LA Highway 87, just east of North Lewis Street, to grow rice. The harvested rice was shipped approximately 125 miles by steamboat to New Orleans for milling, as no local rice mills existed. After several crops, in 1910, he built a small rice mill on the property to avoid the need to ship to New Orleans.</p><br>
<p>In 1912 he relocated, rebuilding the mill at its current location at 307 Ann Street in New Iberia and establishing the Conrad Rice Milling and Planting Company. He purchased additional land and moved his rice fields to the south bank of the bayou (now the location of the former Julian Conrad house (Beau Revé) at 1312 East Main St. in New Iberia. The location of the rice fields on the Bayou Teche was crucial, since water was required for irrigation of the crops. In subsequent years the company continued to acquire land for farming further to the south, to just beyond the present location of US Highway 90, accumulating a total of 575 acres.</p><br>
<h2>Early farming</h2><br>
<p>Rice farming in the early history of the mill was without any mechanical equipment. The land was tilled and harrowed using mule-drawn implements. After laying seed by hand in the fields, small levees were built with shovels of sufficient height to hold water at a depth of 1 to 1 ½ inches. Water was brought from the Bayou Teche (up to three miles away) using an irrigation system built specifically for that purpose. Water pumps pulled water from the bayou to an elevated trough twelve feet above the bayou that angled down over 700 feet to a street-level flume, using gravity to drive the water to the fields. The flume traversed over a section of the city of New Iberia, being routed under streets using salvaged steam boilers. Two pumps were positioned at the bayou, one operational and one backup, driven by Fairbanks-Morse cold-start crude oil engines, each with two 9” pistons, adapted from ice house pumps that drove the refrigeration equipment, and capable of pumping 1100 to 1300 gallons per minute. Initial flooding of the fields took about a week, but water had to be continually pumped to keep the fields under water until the sprouts grew above the ground. At this point, pumping was stopped, and the levees were opened with shovels to drain the water to avoid injury to the young stalks. When the stalks became firm, the fields were again flooded until the rice was almost mature. Rice was planted in the spring (around Easter) and harvested in August. Growing time was about 150 days initially, but newer varieties of rice reduced this time to about 120 days. Irrigation and harvesting by hand required from 20 to 40 workers. Rice on its stalks was cut and assembled by hand into shocks, and allowed to dry in the field for 2 to 3 days. The harvested rice was threshed in the field by a tractor-powered thresher, then transported by wagon to the mill, a distance of up to several miles. At the mill the rice underwent the completion of the drying process by two to three passes in a forced air elevated chimney dryer, to reduce its moisture content from about 25% to 18% to facilitate the milling process.</p><br>
<h2>Mechanical farming</h2><br>
<p>Mechanical equipment was introduced beginning in the 1930s. Tractors first replaced mules for tilling and plowing. The first tractors used were McCormick-Deering/International Harvester models with steel wheels and requiring hand cranking for starting. Mechanical harvesting was not introduced until just prior to World War II, when a McCormick Reaper was adapted for use with rice. Rice on its stalks was cut and bundled by the reaper, assembled by hand into shocks for the initial drying in the field. A mechanical thresher replaced the tractor-driven thresher, and the introduction of rice dryers allowed the rice to be dried at the field, reducing the risk of loss to birds and rain. In 1946, mechanical combines were introduced that were capable of both reaping and threshing, removing the rice from the stalk in the field and allowing all of the drying process to take place with rice off the stalk in dryers at the mill.</p><br>
<h2>Milling</h2><br>
<p>The mill built on St. Ann Street in 1912 was three stories high in order to take advantage of gravity in the flow of rice throughout its processing stages. Each of the stages involved processing steps on the rice as it was delivered from the third down to the second and first floors, then up again for the next stage. The first stage began when rice was brought by elevator into a storage bin on the third floor. The bin feed into the “stone”, two 5-foot-diameter stones separated enough to dehull the rice, then into the huller to remove the bran, then the “brush” for polishing. This stage produced a highly polished rice that was popular during these years, but now has been reduced to only the first step, leaving the bran intact. From the “brush” the rice was fed into the “trumble”, applying a coating of sucrose (purchased in 55 gallon drums) and talcum powder (hence the instructions “wash before cooking”). After the “trumble”, the rice was moved to scales for weighing and packaging, originally in 100-pound sacks, and in later years bags of 10, 25 and 50 pounds.</p><br>
<p>The hullers were Engelberg hullers manufactured in Germany. Before the use of electric motors, the hullers were driven by Corliss 150 hp steam engines powered from Babcock & Wilcox boilers. An extensive network of belts and pulleys was used to transfer the power from the engines to the hullers. Electric motors were introduced in 1951, replacing the steam engines.</p><br>
<h2>Owners and Employees</h2><br>
<p>PA Conrads eldest son Philip Odell (PO) Conrad joined his father in the business following high school in 1920, and continued until his death in 1945. PAs second son Allen Conrad started working at the mill in 1925 following completion of boarding school at St. Pauls School (Covington, Louisiana), initially as a farm hand. PAs third son Julian worked as a farm hand during his school years, and joined the business following his graduation from the in New Orleans, assuming the role of bookkeeper. PA Conrad retired in 1940 to open an International Harvester dealership, turning the business over to his three sons, but continued as an informal consultant until his death in 1961. During WWII the business lost all of its full-time labor force. Since there was little mechanization at that time, family members and day laborers were used to keep the operation going.</p><br>
<p>The employee with the longest tenure was Leander “Gutchie” Viltz (son of Adam Viltz). Leander grew up as a child with Allen and Julian, began working at the mill at the age of six, and worked continuously for 72 years.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>Farming rice was discontinued in 1968 when a portion of the farm land was sold to develop Caroline subdivision in New Iberia and other housing developments were established near the irrigation system. Milling, however, continued and does so until this day. During its management by the Conrad family, the mill produced only white rice which was sold to local grocery stores.</p><br>
<p>The mill was bought from the Conrad family in 1975 by Michael Davis following the retirement of Allen and Julian Conrad. Davis expanded the varieties of rice produced, including brown and flavored rice. The business also expanded into other food product lines including locally manufactured seasonings, spices, sauces, marinades and snacks, added the brands HOL GRAIN and QUIGGS, and expanded marketing throughout the US and Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Konriko Brand</h2><br>
<p>An attempt to trademark the brand as “Conrico” (Conrad Rice Company) was made in the 1950s, but was rejected by the US Patent and Trademark Office due to similarity of a trademark by the California Rice Cooperative. A change to the name Konriko was accepted, and remains the brand by which it is known today.</p><br>
<p>Leader&#39;s Aqueduct is situated 4 km east of Aghabullogue village, and 4.3 km north of Coachford village. It is located at the meeting point of the townlands of Clonmoyle East  and Knockanenagark .</p><br>
<p>The aqueduct was constructed by Henry Leader of nearby Clonmoyle House, with the intention of conveying water, for irrigation purposes, over a glen and the Dripsey River, to the Clonmoyle area. The venture was ultimately unsuccessful, leading to the structure becoming known as Leaders Folly&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The Irish Tourist Association survey of 1944 claims that it consisted of twelve piers, standing in line across a deep valley, the highest being 85 feet in height, and with some piers having since been dismantled for building material. The piers were said to have been erected c. 1860 to support a water chute, with water being piped for some 2 miles, and fed into the chute. The aqueduct was said to have carried water but once. The survey goes on to state that Leader was a philanthropic individual, whose experiments were often mainly intended to provide employment locally. Having been dissatisfied with progress, he is said to have engaged direct labour, employing local labourers and boys. One of these youths, disguised as an adult, was said to have received full pay, leading to other youths subsequently acting likewise and receiving full pay. This particular scheme and others were said to have been financed by Leader mortgaging his property, and that the Bank were the loser after his death, following discovery of imperfect title.</p><br>
<p>Milner (1975) advises that the aqueduct was not used. The reality is that it was operational, but not satisfactorily for the purposes intended. By the early twentieth century, the structure was depicted as an Aqueduct (in ruins).</p><br>
<p>The Lake Village Confederate Monument is located on the median of Lakeshore Drive, between Main and Jackson Streets in Lake Village, Arkansas. The marble monument depicts a Confederate Army soldier standing in mid stride with his left foot forward. His right hand holds the barrel of a rifle, whose butt rests on the monument base. He carries a bedroll draped over his left shoulder, and wears a Confederate cap. A cannon that served as a fountain was once part of the sculpture, but is now missing. The statue is about 6 ft high and 2 ft square; it rests on a marble foundation that is 20 ft long, 12 ft wide, and 8 ft high. The monument was erected in 1910 by two chapters of the United Daughters of the Confederacy at a cost of about $3,000.</p><br>
<p>The base has inscriptions on its east and west faces. The east face, or rear, reads "ERECTED BY THE / CAPTAIn McCONNELL / AND / GEORGE K. CRACRAFT / CHAPTERS, U.D.C. / A.D. 1910 / AND CHICOT COUNTY / WE CARE NOT WHENCE / THEY CAME, / DEAR IN LIFELESS CLAY / WHETHER UNKNOWN OR KNOWN TO FAME / THEIR CAUSE AND COUNTRY STILL THE SAME / THEY DIED AND WORE THE GRAY. / FATHER RYAN." The west face, or front, reads "1861-1865 CSA / TO THE CONFEDERATE SOLDIERS OF CHICOT / COUNTY, THE RECORD OF WHOSE SUBLIME / SELF SACRIFICE AND UNDYING DEVOTION / IS THE PROUD HERITAGE / OF A LOYAL POSTERITY."</p><br>
<p>The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Horn Pond is a 102 acre water body along the Aberjona River in Woburn, Massachusetts in the United States. The pond is fed by several brooks and flows out via Horn Pond Brook to the Aberjona River and the Mystic Lakes, eventually reaching the Mystic River and the Atlantic Ocean. It was also traversed by the Middlesex Canal from 1802 to 1860.</p><br>
<p>Yellow perch were the most common species recorded at Horn Pond in a 1982 survey, with additional species, including: largemouth bass, pumpkinseed, bluegill, killifish, chain pickerel, golden shiner, carp, white sucker, brook trout, yellow bullhead, brown bullhead and black crappie. Trout (primarily rainbows, but also browns</p><br>
<p>and brookies) have been stocked in the past, with mofish and trout in the fall.</p><br>
<p>C J Edwards Chambers is a heritage-listed riparian office building at 174 Quay Street, Rockhampton, Rockhampton Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Edwin Morton Hockings and built in 1914. It is also known as River Motors Pty Ltd, Rockhampton Motors Garage and Engineers, and Sydney V Golik and Co Motor and Car Truck Dealers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Edwards Chambers was constructed in 1914 as a motor garage for the Howard Motor & Cycle company of Rockhampton. It is representative of an early motor garage in a provincial city.</p><br>
<p>The Archer brothers had made a private expedition to the Rockhampton district in 1853, and were the first Europeans to record and chart the Fitzroy River. In 1855 the Archers overlanded cattle to the region of the Fitzroy.</p><br>
<p>After the short lived Canoona gold rush of 1858 Rockhampton was proclaimed as a town and declared a "port of entry" in 1858. The first sale of town allotments was held in Rockhampton on 17 and 18 November in the same year. In May 1859 Frederick Robert Hutchinson applied for title to land along the forefront of what is now Quay Street not far from the Archer landing place.</p><br>
<p>Hutchinson had been an early arrival in Rockhampton. At the time of the Canoona gold rush he was appointed as the Clerk of Petty Sessions. For Hutchinson this was a time of great social disturbance coping with the aftermath of several thousand diggers descending onto a settlement consisting of three buildings and a small wharf.</p><br>
<p>In May 1859 Huthchinson had written a letter to the New South Wales colonial government in Sydney (the separation of Queensland did not occur until December 1859) requesting the construction of a public wharf (Queens wharf) for the loading and unloading of vessels. In the same period Hutchinson was also requesting that the government provide public works in Rockhampton especially roads, as the tracks existing in the town at that time were impassable. In 1860 Hutchinson, Hunter and Company established a store at this location in Quay Street. The store traded mainly for pastoralists heading into the interior of central Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In June 1895 a Certificate of Title was issued on Allotment 7 of Section 45. The Certificate of title was issued to George Ranken of Young, and Harriet Ann Cathcart Hutchinson of Windsor. She was described as being the widow of Frederick Hutchinson, orchardist of Mildura. George Ranken died on 6 May 1895.</p><br>
<p>In October 1913 James Howard purchased the property. James Howard was a well known name in the motor vehicle and cycle business in Rockhampton. Howard had a business listed in the Post Office Directory as a bicycle depot and importer since 1897. In 1898 James Howard&#39;s father William had constructed for himself the first motor cycle in Rockhampton, a tandem bicycle with a single cylinder 4 h.p. engine attached. The Howard business was situated at 95 East Street opposite the Rockhampton Post Office. The business acted as a cycle importer until 1907, when Howard & Co. listed themselves as "cycle and motor dealers."</p><br>
<p>Howard & Co. was one of the first businesses in Rockhampton to cater for the sale of motor vehicles and motorcycles. The horseless carriage had made its first appearance in central Queensland in 1902 when Dr FH Voss became the owner of a steam powered locomobile. He eventually sold this vehicle to W Howard who then converted it into a car powered by an internal combustion engine. W Howard was referred to as the father of the automobile industry in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>Howard & Co opened a branch of the company in Brisbane in 1903. Premises were initially at 333 Queen Street, before moving to 376 Queen Street in 1906. A new showroom, workshop and garage was opened at 303 Adelaide Street in 1909. Howard & Co were also to open other branches of the business in Hope Street, South Brisbane, Ipswich, Maryborough and Neil Street, Toowoomba, at later periods.</p><br>
<p>Agencies for the company were to expand into most country towns in Queensland. The Adelaide Street building was described in 1913 as being a spacious and handsome motor garage. The workshop, garage and display area occupied half an acre of floor space. The company at this period employed between 60 and 80 people in Brisbane, and was producing 1000 bicycles a year from its workshops.</p><br>
<p>In 1909 the Rockhampton Post Office directory listed the business as Howard Motor and Cycle Co. Ltd (late Jas Howard & Co.), cycle & motor manufacturers and importers, indicating a name change by the company. In the 1913-4 directory the business was listed as being the Rockhampton branch of Howard Motor & Cycle Co. Ltd "carrying large stocks of cycle and motor sundries." Repairs were carried out on motor cars, motor cycles and bicycles in the East Street office and workshops. Howard Motor & Cycle Co Ltd operated the motor dealership for vehicles from companies such as Buick, Cadillac, Dennis motor lorries, Wolseley, B.S.A. and motor cycles from Triumph and New Hudson.</p><br>
<p>In the period of 1906-15 four bicycle and motor dealers were trading in Rockhampton, Howard Motor & Cycle Co Ltd, A E Beal, Canada Cycle & Motor Agency at the corner of William and Fitzroy Streets, and Theo Kingel&#39;s bicycle factory in Bolsover street which was the local Ford dealer. The C C M Garage was the largest of the garages operating in Rockhampton until 1914.</p><br>
<p>The evolution of motor transport in Rockhampton was similar to the experience in Brisbane. Private vehicles were imported from overseas manufacturers, sold by the local dealerships, and maintained by the companies mentioned above. By October 1913 The Morning Bulletin commented on the growth of the motor industry, with vehicles being purchased for commercial purposes, and the modifications carried out by local workshops and garages:"Motor vehicles are gradually being brought into use in Rockhampton for business purposes... Messrs T McLaughlin have purchased from the Howard Motor and Cycle Company, a two ton Dennis four cylinder, twenty eight horse power motor lorry... The body of the lorry was built by Mr Walley and fitted up in the Howard Motor Cycle Companys garage."Following Howards purchase of the land in Quay Street in October, tenders were called by Edwin Morton Hockings, the architect on 15 December 1913 for the erection of a concrete garage in Quay Street for the Howard Motor & Cycle Company. The new garage was part of the expansion and diversification of the company in Rockhampton.</p><br>
<p>Edwin Morton Hockings (1870-1942) was the son of Albert John Hockings one of the early mayors of Brisbane. Edwin Hockings was educated at Brisbane Grammar School, and became the articled pupil of architect Richard Gailey. In 1890 Hockings won a design competition for the Rockhampton Girls Grammar School. Gailey&#39;s office took over documentation of the building and Hockings went to Rockhampton as clerk of works. He began his own architectural practice in Rockhampton in the mid 1890s. Hockings enlisted and served in the Third Queensland Contingent during the Boer War, and re-enlisted and served during the First World War.</p><br>
<p>Hockings formed partnerships with A M Hutton from 1898 until 1904 and LT Palmer from 1916 until 1938. Hockings was architect on buildings such as St Peter&#39;s Church of England, Barcaldine (1898–99) and the Rockhampton Town Hall (1939–41).</p><br>
<p>On 1 July 1914 a lease was taken out by Howard Motor & Cycle Co. Ltd for five years at £321 per year on 174 Quay Street. The garage was opened by July 1914, as advertisements in the Morning Bulletin refer to the Howard Motor & Cycle Co. garage in Quay Street. The business was referred to as Howards Motor Garage. Howard Motor & Cycle Co. Ltd also continued to trade from the East Street premises, using these as its show rooms. Howards Motor Garage registered itself as an importer of motor cars and accessories, with repair work by skilled mechanics.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed as a motor show room and garage, with two entrances either side of the central show/ work area. Access to the front part of the building was through the arched doorways. Motor vehicles from companies such as Buick were delivered by ship to the town wharves. Vehicles were then driven up Quay Street to the Motor Garage from the wharves.</p><br>
<p>In 1927-28 the Howard Motor Garage was renamed the Rockhampton Motor Garage and Engineers, although it traded as Rockhampton Motors Ltd. The Howard Motor & Cycle Co Ltd had changed its name in 1925 and transferred the lease on the property to ownership. In 1929 Howard Motor Co Ltd changed its name to Howard Investment Co Ltd.</p><br>
<p>The Howard Investment Co. Ltd had a further name change to Howard Ltd in 1932. The Howard Motor Garage changed its name in 1938 to become River Motors Pty Ltd - Motor Car Dealers. River Motors opened a second office at 72 William Street, Rockhampton in 1941.</p><br>
<p>A plan of the re-subdivision of allotment 7 in June 1945 shows a main building identified as River Motors with several ancillary buildings fronting on to Quay Lane. These are identified as a lavatory fronting on to Quay Lane (enlarged in 1944), wood and fibro shower sheds, and a shed. Two areas were also identified at the rear of the allotment as being a washing section and a greasing section. A gate gave access on to Quay Lane between the washing section and lavatories.</p><br>
<p>The dealership changed hands in 1947 to become Sydney V Golik and Co. Motor Car and Truck Dealers. The premises in Quay Street continued to be run as a motor show room, however an addition had been made to the rear of the building when a galvanised extension was constructed to act as a workshop and repair facility. Agricultural vehicles such as tractors and ploughs, were also displayed on the premises. At the time that the dealership changed hands a large electric advertising sign was fixed to the front of the building. A photograph from 1955 shows the building with an awning smaller than the present one affixed to the front of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 1959, CJ Edwards and Co. Ltd bought the property from Howard Ltd. The former garage, workshop and showroom was then converted into several businesses operating from the one building in 1960 at a cost of £3000. C J Edwards was a public accountant company, leasing several professional offices and businesses. With the change in use of the building from a workshop to offices major internal changes were made to the building but the ceiling was left untouched. Garage space for the tenants was also increased in 1963.</p><br>
<p>Various tenants in the chambers have included apart from CJ Edwards real estate agents as well as other semi professional offices. In 1987 further alterations were made to offices in the interior of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2015, the building is occupied by a number of businesses including Foxlaw.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Edwards Chambers is a simple single storeyed building on Quay Street Rockhampton, situated overlooking the Fitzroy River. The building extends to the Quay Lane boundary of the site, with access provided via a doorway to the rear of the adjacent Trustee Chambers&#39; site.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed with rendered masonry walls supporting a corrugated iron roof. The roof has a hipped section running parallel to the Quay Street facade perpendicular to which two long hipped sections run, forming a U-shaped ridge, ventilated in places with a long corrugated iron ridge ventilators. The roof is partially concealed by the Quay Street facade which extends beyond the line of the roof and on the long elevations by simple parapets.</p><br>
<p>The Quay Street facade of the building is symmetrically composed and dominated by a cantilevered awning running along the entire face and interrupting the composition. The facade comprises a central section with decorative, curved parapet profile, capped with a decorative moulding. The face of the parapet has the lettering "EDWARDS CHAMBERS" painted centrally and the number of the building above. At the street level of this section several openings for both windows and glazed doors have been inserted, and these are separated by corbelled mouldings. Flanking this central section are symmetrical end bays featuring large archways with architraves and keystone and voussoir elements scoured in the render. Though previously opened these archways, identifiable only above the awning, have been filled with glazed doors and windows, forming shopfronts. A panelled section of rendered masonry forms the parapet to these end bays.</p><br>
<p>The south eastern side party wall is shared with the one storeyed building adjacent to Edwards Chambers. The north western concrete wall has several small infilled openings at the far end where toilets are located internally. Surface mounted water pipes run the over this wall.</p><br>
<p>Because the building was originally a showroom, the interior was simply designed as a large open space and is therefore with subsequent renovation devoid of any features which suggest its early date. A 1970s office fitout has been inserted into the building and this comprises a central hall off which many small tenancies are accessed. These are formed with glazed and plasterboard partitioning, a suspended ceiling grid with fibrous cement panels, and a ceramic tiled floor. Many of the walls in the offices are veneered with acrylic timber cladding and carpeted. The rear section of the building, separated by a concrete wall is a large unceiled shed which extends to the Quay Lane boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>C J Edwards Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Edwards Chambers built as a car garage is important in demonstrating the evolution of motor transport in Rockhampton and central Queensland. The building demonstrates the servicing requirements associated with the introduction of motor transport in the early part of the twentieth century. Edwards Chambers is an example of a purpose built motor vehicle garage and service centre established in a provincial centre in Queensland in the early twentieth century, and is a surviving example of a substantially intact motor garage building. Edwards Chambers has architectural significance as an example of a precursor to modernism linked with the establishment of motor transport. The building illustrates an early parallel between the development of the automobile industry and the design of the buildings accommodating this industry.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Edwards Chambers has an association with the development of the motor industry in Rockhampton, and the company founded by Howard & Co which was one of the first businesses in Rockhampton to cater for the sale of motor vehicles and motorcycles. Howard & Co were to establish branches in Brisbane and throughout Queensland to become one of the major automotive dealers and suppliers in the state in the period of 1920- 1950.</p><br>
<p>Edwards Chambers has a special association with the life and work of E M Hockings, architect. Hockings practiced in Rockhampton from the mid 1890s until 1940, producing some of the regions most impressive edifices, including the Rockhampton Girls Grammar School (1890), St Peter&#39;s Church of England, Barcaldine (1898-9) and the Rockhampton City Hall (1939–41).</p><br>
<p>The Esten–Bowen House is a historic house at 199 Iron Mine Road in Burrillville, Rhode Island. The 1 1/2 story timber frame Cape style house was built c. 1790 by John Esten, a major landowner in eastern Burrillville in the second half of the 18th century. The main block is five bays wide and two deep, with a massive central chimney. A kitchen ell to the right of the main block appears to be an early addition. The house was held in the Esten family until 1879, by which time its surrounding property had been reduced to just 30 acre. This property was acquired by Esther Bowen in 1941 and the house was rehabilitated, with modest Colonial Revival alterations. The property includes a 19th-century shed, and foundational remnants of a blacksmithy and barn.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Lymansville Company Mill is a historic industrial complex at 184 Woonasquatucket Avenue in North Providence, Rhode Island. The oldest portion of the complex, a three story brick building which originally a textile spinning and carding building, was built in 1884. The mill was significantly expanded in subsequent years, with its last addition taking place in 1951. The Lymansville Company was founded in 1884 and closed in 1957. Auguste Albert Sack, the leading partner in the company, was a German immigrant with significant work experience in New England&#39;s textile industry.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, a developer announced a $14-million plan to develop 101 apartments in the complex. The plan received a state historic building tax credit, as well as town tax incentives.</p><br>
<p>Cayo Levisa is a cay in Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. Accessible only through boats from Palma Rubia, the white sand beaches on its north coast attract tourism. It has several snorkeling and diving sites. It is part of the Colorados Archipelago coral reef and well known for its black coral.</p><br>
<p>There is a hotel facility on the island made up of roughly 20 cottages.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The cay is roughly 1.5 km² (150 hectares) in size and 4.2 km long. with a maximum width of 750 m and a minimum of 280 m. It is located roughly 100 km west of Havana. Swamps cover more than three quarters of the surface of the island; the south side is inaccessible due to a forest of mangroves.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The average temperature in Cayo Levisa is between 21°C and 33°C and the water temperature varies between 1°C and 3°C.</p><br>
<p>Luskin&#39;s Bridge is situated 3.8 km north-east of Coachford village, County Cork, Ireland, 3.6 km south-east of Aghabullogue village, and is depicted on both the 1841 and 1901 surveyed OS maps. It is located at the meeting point of Clonmoyle East townland  with Kilcolman and Knockanenagark townlands .</p><br>
<p>In the Ordnance Survey name book (c. 1840), it is named Lurkans Bridge&#39;, described as having three arches and on the road from Macroom to Mallow, with a man named Lurkan said to have previously lived in proximity to it.</p><br>
<p>The National Inventory of Architectural Heritage describes it as a double-arched bridge, built c. 1800, and spanning the Dripsey River. A single-span feeder arch is located on the western side. It also has rubble stone v-cutwaters on its north and south elevations, and rubble stone parapet walls with concrete capping. An upstream weir and additional arch were likely built to accommodate a mill race feeding Clonmoyle Mill to the south. The weir and mill race are both depicted on the 1901 surveyed OS Map.</p><br>
<p>Many surviving bridges in mid-Cork are originally constructed of stone, arched in shape, and late eighteenth or early nineteenth century in date. Typical features include semi-circular arches and pointed breakwaters. Earlier bridges are often narrower, although some were widened at a later stage.</p><br>
<p>The Heaton and Cowing Mill is a historic industrial facility at 1115 Douglas Avenue in Providence, Rhode Island. The small mill complex consists of three connected building sections; the oldest is a c. 1832 rubble-walled two story mill building constructed by David Heaton and Martin Cowing on the banks of the West River. The partners used the facility to manufacture and dye cotton cloth. The building is the remnant of a much larger Geneva Worsted Company works that Heaton and Cowing built on the site in the 1860s and 1870s. The building was used, with a major brick addition c. 1930, for textile production until the 1950s, until its last textile owner, the Wanskuck Mill, shut down. It served a variety of light industrial businesses, and in 1982 a concrete block building was added to its rear. Most of its original waterworks infrastructure has either been filled in, or was destroyed by flooding in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Sonoma Barracks  is a two-story, wide-balconied, adobe building facing the central plaza of the City of Sonoma, California. It was built by order of Lieutenant  Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo to house the Mexican soldiers that had been transferred from the Presidio of San Francisco in 1835. The Presidio Company and their commander, Lieutenant Vallejo, were also responsible for controlling the Native Americans living on the northern border of Mexican California.</p><br>
<p>On June 14, 1846 the Pueblo of Sonoma was taken over by a group of American immigrants seeking to establish their own California Republic. The Barracks became the headquarters this short-lived insurrection later known as the Bear Flag Revolt.</p><br>
<p>Believing that war with Mexico had been declared, ships of the USA Pacific Squadron took over Monterey on July 7 and Yerba Buena (now San Francisco) on July 9, 1846. The U. S. flag was raised at the Barracks that same day - ending the California Republic and the Bear Flag Revolt. After that, the Barracks was used by a succession USA forces until 1852. Throughout the Mexican–American War and the subsequent California Gold Rush these forces continued to confront Native Americans hostile to invaders occupying their lands.</p><br>
<p>When the military left, the building was used for a number of civilian purposes until being acquired by the State of California in 1957. The Sonoma Barracks is now part of Sonoma State Historic Park.</p><br>
<h2>Mexican Military</h2><br>
<p>Soldiers of the Company of the National Presidio at San Francisco (Compania de Presidio Nacional de San Francisco) moved to the site of the recently secularized Mission San Francisco Solano in 1835. California Governor Jose Figueroa had ordered the Company north from the Presidio of San Francisco as part of his plan to comply with instructions from the national government to establish a strong garrison in the region north of the San Francisco Bay to protect the area from encroachments of foreigners. An immediate concern was further eastward movement of the Russian America Company from their settlements on the California coast. Construction of the Barracks was episodic: digging the foundation began in 1837, construction of the adobe walls in 1839 and the building was more or less completed in 1840 to &#39;41. Until the building was habitable the troops were housed in the buildings of the old Mission. While the barracks was built to house troops, most of the space was used as a headquarters and for supply, equipment and weapons storage.</p><br>
<p>The Companys commander, Lieutenant Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, was named Military Commander of the Northern Frontier, thus taking responsibility for maintaining control over the Native population north of the Bay. Vallejos approach to controlling the border region combined direct military action, treaties with native groups, and by forming alliances with Indian leaders on the west (Chief Marin) and east (Chief Solano - who provided auxiliary men when the Company way fighting other Native groups). While based in Sonoma, the Company participated in over 100 activities to maintain control over the areas Native peoples. Bancroft opines that “…Vallejo’s Indian policy must be regarded as excellent and effective when compared to any other policy ever followed in California.”</p><br>
<p>The Company did receive support in money and materiel from the Mexican and California governments but Vallejo absorbed the deficits out of his own funds. All the other presidial companies in Alta California had been replaced by civilian militias by the time the San Francisco Company moved to Sonoma.</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant Colonel Vallejo disbanded the Presidial Company on November 28, 1844 with the plea that he could not longer afford paying for them. Among his other reasons may have been avoiding being drawn into a rebellion against Governor Micheltorena by his nephew Juan Alvarado and childhood friend José Castro. After releasing the soldiers, Vallejo retained the weapons and military supplies stored in the Barracks for the use of the civilian militia. (Nine old cannon of various sizes, two hundred long infantry muskets, fifty carbines, cannon and musket balls and a small amount of black powder.) The Sonoma Barracks was also, for a short period, the home and headquarters of the Compania de Infanteria Permanente de Sonoma, a regular Mexican Infantry Company composed of young, not-so-willing Californio draftees.</p><br>
<h2>Bear Flag Revolt</h2><br>
<p>On June 10, 1846 a group of dissatisfied and fearful American immigrants with a murky relationship to USA Army Brevet Captain John Charles Frémont had captured a herd of Californian government horses which they feared would be used against them. They next determined to seize the Pueblo of Sonoma to deny the Californians a rallying point north of San Francisco Bay. Capturing the arms and military materiel (stored in the Barracks) and Lieutenant Colonel Vallejo would delay any military response from the Californians.</p><br>
<p>Before dawn on Sunday, June 14, 1846 thirty-three of the American rebels arrived in Sonoma. They accomplished their objectives, without ever firing a shot, by 11:00 AM. At that time, Vallejo and three of his associates were placed on horseback and taken to Frémont near Sacramento with eight or nine of the insurgents who did not favor forming a new republic. The Barracks became the headquarters for the remaining twenty-five who founded the new California Republic and created its Bear Flag. The rebellion subsequently became known as the Bear Flag Revolt.</p><br>
<p>Other immigrants and their families began moving into Sonoma to be under the protection of the muskets and cannon taken from the Barracks. Some families were housed in the Barracks - others in the homes of the Californians.</p><br>
<p>Captain John Charles Frémont and his mapping expedition group arrived in Sonoma on June 24, throwing off any pretense of neutrality. On July 5 Frémont proposed to the Bears that they unite with his party and form a single military group under his command. A compact was drawn up which all volunteers of the California Battalion signed or made their mark. The next day Frémont, leaving the fifty men of Company B at the Barracks, left with the rest of the Battalion for Sutter&#39;s Fort They took with them two of the captured field pieces as well as muskets, a supply of ammunition, blankets, horses, and cattle.</p><br>
<h2>United States Military</h2><br>
<p>Seven weeks after war with Mexico had been declared in Washington, D.C., Commodore John D. Sloat, commander of the USA Navys Pacific Squadron, after being assured that war with Mexico had been declared, instructed the captains of his ships to occupy Monterey on July 7 and Yerba Buena (now San Francisco) on July 9. Early on July 9 - Navy Lt. Joseph Revere was sent to Sonoma carrying two 27-star United States flags for the Sonoma Barracks and Sutters Fort (the squadron had run out of new flags that reflected Texas’ admittance to the Union). Raising the Stars and Stripes in front of the Barracks marked the end of the Bear Flag Revolt and the California Republic.</p><br>
<p>The majority of the California Battalion was transported to San Diego by the U. S. Navy to assist in securing California for the United States. The Barracks served as housing for a number of former Bears and their families after the California Battalion left. Most of those remaining Bears eventually returned to their homes. The Sonoma Alcalde complained to the USA Navy about the lack of protection for the town and a detachment of USA Marines was assigned to the Sonoma Barracks. The Navy completed the planking of the second floor, raised the roof and replaced the roof tile with shingles.</p><br>
<p>In March, 1847, the Marines were replaced by Company "C" of what was called Stevenson&#39;s New York Volunteers. The enlistments of the New York Volunteers ended with the war and they were replaced in May, 1849, by a 37-man company of USA dragoons (Company C, 1st USA Dragoons) who moved into the Barracks and established Camp Sonoma. The Army continued to use part of the Barracks as a supply depot until August 1853.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the military left the building Vallejo filed a claim of $20,600 with the USA Army for back-rent. After several years the claim reached the Court of Claims where it was contested by the USA Solicitor General on a number of bases. The Court awarded Vallejo a reduced amount ($12,600) based upon a lower rental rate and shorter rental period than was originally claimed.</p><br>
<h2>Civilian Uses</h2><br>
<p>Alexander J. Cox rented the two eastern rooms of the first floor from Vallejo and published the Sonoma Bulletin from 1852 to 1855. Shortly after Cox left, Vallejo established a winery in the building. In 1862 he leased wine-making equipment in the building to Dr. Victor Faure for $50 per month for a five-year period. Vallejo retained the right to use the equipment and store wine in the cellar. Other parts of the building were leased in 1865 to the Aguillon family as a residence. Vallejo’s two sons, Uladislao and Napoleon leased part of the building in 1872-73 for their winemaking operation in exchange for one quarter of the profits. Mr. Newman rented part of the building in 1877 to grow silk worms experimentally.</p><br>
<p>Vallejo sold the barracks building to Solomon Shocken, June 15, 1879. Shocken remodeled the exterior, including a Victorian facade, and sold agricultural implements and groceries. The building retained the Victorian image until the 1930s when it was purchased and refurbished by Walter and Celeste Murphy who lived in the building until 1957. It was then acquired and restored to its appearance at the time of the Bear Flag Revolt by the State of California and made part of the Sonoma State Historic Park.</p><br>
<h2>California Historical Landmark</h2><br>
<p>The Presidio Of Sonoma (Sonoma Barracks) is listed as California Historical Landmark No. 316.</p><br>
<p>The Court at 533-549 North Lincoln Avenue is a bungalow court located at 533-549 North Lincoln Avenue in Pasadena, California. The court consists of four bungalows surrounding a central courtyard and driveway. The bungalows have an American Craftsman design and feature gabled roofs with exposed rafter tails, casement windows, and porches supported by Doric columns. T. G. Grabham, the original owner of the court, built the four homes between 1922 and 1925. Architect G. Tombelson designed the first two homes, which were both built in 1922; contractors Whitescarver & Pieton added the third home in 1923, and contractor Joseph G. Roth built the last in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The court was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Orford Street Historic District encompasses a particularly attractive stretch of Orford Street  in Orford, New Hampshire. It was described as early as the 18th century as "the most charming country village", with a tree-lined promenade that is still a focus of the town center. The district consists of about 0.5 mi of Orford Street, between its junctions with New Hampshire Route 25A and Archertown Road, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The west side of Orford Street lies between the street and the Connecticut River, and is lined with a series of 18th and 19th century residential and civic buildings. Prominent among them are a series of Federal-style houses, built between 1773 and 1839, along what is called The Ridge, the brick Masonic hall (1840, formerly a Universalist church), and the 1851 academy. The east side of the street is dominated by a large common with tree-lined promenade.</p><br>
<p>The Piermont Bridge carries New Hampshire Route 25 over the Connecticut River between Piermont, New Hampshire and Bradford, Vermont. It is a Pennsylvania steel through truss bridge, built by the Boston Bridge Works in 1928. The bridge consists of a single span with a clear span of 352 and an overall length of 35410". The roadbed is 207" wide, with a vertical clearance of 147". The bridge is approximately 25&#39; above the river. The western  abutment is made of split granite quarried from nearby Fairlee Mountain, while the eastern abutment is an early concrete construction built in 1908 by John Storrs for an earlier bridge. The bridge underwent a major renovation in 1993 which included the addition of a sidewalk  and replacement of much of the bridge decking.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in the aftermath of major rain and flooding in 1927 along the Connecticut River, which washed away several bridges and caused significant damage in Vermont. The Piermont Bridge was the longest bridge built after this flooding, replacing a c. 1875 two-span Town lattice truss bridge. The center pier of the older bridge was knocked down to the water line and is still visible. The eastern abutment, built in 1908 in a relatively early use of structural concrete, needed to be strengthened to accommodate the increased weight of the new steel bridge. This was accomplished by adding new concrete to the land side of the abutment, preserving the earlier work.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. It is owned by the states of New Hampshire (90%) and Vermont (10%).</p><br>
<p>Clonmoyle House was a country house in the townland of Clonmoyle East, situated 3.9 km south-east of Aghabullogue village and 3.4 km north-east of Coachford village. The house and demesne were dominant features in the rural landscape of Ireland, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Location often reflected the distribution of better land, and this is evidenced in mid-Cork, where many of these houses were situated along the valley of the River Lee and its tributaries.</p><br>
<p>The Archaeological Inventory of County Cork describes it as an abandoned two-storey country house, depicted as rectangular on the 1841 surveyed OS map, but later remodelled and enlarged by the addition of bows to side elevations and rear hipped-roof projections. An entrance front existed of three bays, with side-lights and sash windows. A roofless farm building was located to the north-west.</p><br>
<p>Clonmoyle House was once a Colthurst family residence. Lewis (1837) describes the parish of Aghabologue as containing numerous large and elegant houses, to include Clonmoyle, the seat of C. Colthurst, Esq. Agriculture was said to have locally improved by the exertions of Mr. Colthurst and other proprietors, who introduced a system of irrigation, drainage, and a culture of green crops. The tithe applotment book for the townland of Clonmoyle East records Charles Colthurst, Esq. as occupying 36 acres. Colthurst was the son of John Colthurst and Jane Bowen. The Ordnance Survey name book c. 1840 refers to a demesne on the southern side of Clonmoyle East, containing Clonmoyle House and Cottage, interspersed with trees, some plantation and ornamental ground. It is described as a fine house with good offices, being the residence of Chas. Colthurst Esq., and with the River Dripsey bounding the property to the east and south. Clonmoyle House and its demesne are depicted on the 1841 surveyed OS Map, to include a fish pond, weir, waterfall and wooden bridge.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-nineteenth century, the Primary Valuation of Ireland (Griffiths Valuation) records Jonathan Bruce as occupier of Clonmoyle, comprising c. 37 acres and described as a house, offices, gate lodge and land, with the lessor being Charles Colthurst. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the house was occupied by Henry Leader, builder of nearby Leaders Aqueduct, and whose exploits were said to include a local furze mill for the fattening of pigs. Leader possessed some 2418 acres in County Cork during the 1870s. The 1901 surveyed OS Map depicts a remodelled Clonmoyle House and surrounding demesne, to include a gate lodge, pond and boat house.</p><br>
<p>The Irish Tourist Association survey of 1944 confirms Clonmoyle House as the residence of Mrs Young, who also owned nearby Clonmoyle Flour Mill. The house was thought to have been erected some 150 years previously. It was described as having an excellently constructed interior, wide staircase and with the moulding of its doors and window shutters being a noticeable feature.</p><br>
<p>Today, the house is in a ruinous condition and its surroundings neglected. The former fish pond and features appear infilled and the southern end is occupied by now vacant industrial premises and surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The Kate Chopin House, located at 4232 McPherson Avenue in St. Louis, Missouri, is the former home of author Kate Chopin. The house was built in 1897 by contractor Oscar F. Humphrey. Chopin moved to the house in 1903 and lived there until her death in 1904; while living in the house, she wrote her last poem and story. Chopin grew up in St. Louis before moving to Louisiana with her husband; after his death, she returned to St. Louis, where she began her writing career. Her stories discussed the evolving role of women in American society, and contemporary literary critics considered her one of the most significant St. Louis authors of the period. The house at 4232 McPherson is her only surviving former residence in St. Louis.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 14, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Mendota to Wabasha Military Road, Cannon River Section is a 3,200 ft fragment of a road in Red Wing in the USA state of Minnesota. The road once stretched from Mendota to Wabasha and was planned in the earliest years of Minnesota Territory before Minnesota became a state. This particular fragment of road, which spans the Cannon River bottomlands, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It was listed as part of a statewide survey that identified historic fragments of the military wagon roads built between 1850 and 1861. The survey found that a road fragment could be considered historic if it was unpaved, that it is "long enough to evoke a sense of destination" where an observer at one end could not see the other end, and that the setting of the road had not been intruded upon with recent buildings or roads.</p><br>
<p>When Minnesota became a territory in 1849, Henry Hastings Sibley lobbied the United States Congress for aid for building roads. Congress had supported road building in other territories, and they approved the Minnesota request for the purposes of defense, for benefit of the settlers, and to increase the value of the public lands to be sold to settlers. The Minnesota Road Act of July 1850 appropriated $40,000 to construct four military wagon roads and to survey a fifth. Of that, $5,000 was allocated for a road from Mendota to Wabasha, on the west bank of the Mississippi River. The Mendota to Wabasha road was surveyed and marked by the Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1851 and 1853, but work on the section at the Cannon River did not begin until after 1854, when money was available to build a causeway and a main bridge across the river bottoms. Captain James H. Simpson contracted with Thomas J. Frazier in December 1854 to build a 150 ft truss bridge, which was finished by September 1855. Simpson also contracted with the firm of Mason and Whipple to build the causeway and a couple smaller bridges, but they were unable to complete the contract. C.R. Read, of Reads Landing, was therefore brought in to finish the job, which was done by the end of 1856.</p><br>
<p>The main Cannon River bridge was damaged by flooding in 1856, and the 1857 federal appropriation only provided $2,000 for repairs, although Captain George Thom insisted that repairs would cost $3,000. The Goodhue County Commissioners repaired the bridge. There were no further federal appropriations after 1857, and the military road program came to an end four years later. Burnside Township and the county assumed maintenance of the road at that point.</p><br>
<p>In 1898 the Minnesota Constitution was amended so the state could fund road construction and other internal improvements. The Minnesota Legislature passed a bill allowing county boards to designate state roads and receive tax funding. The section of road crossing the Cannon River, known as Cannon Bottom Road, was designated State Road 3. With tax revenue available, the county constructed new bridges in 1911 and 1915, and they regraded and graveled the road in 1919. In 1920, a constitutional amendment established a state trunk highway system, and State Road 3 became Trunk Highway 3. A new bridge over the Cannon River was built in 1921. The Minnesota Highway Commissioner found fault with the road&#39;s alignment, though, so a completely new alignment was constructed to the west in 1931. This section of road, now part of USA Highway 61, shortened the distance by 0.35 mi and is still in use today. The old road reverted to the jurisdiction of Burnside Township, which was subsequently annexed by the city of Red Wing in 1971.</p><br>
<p>The section listed on the National Register begins at a junction with Collischan Road on the north river bank. It runs to the southeast, away from the bluffs, and crosses the Cannon River on the 1921 concrete-girder bridge. The National Register-listed section then continues for 3,000 ft on a causeway, with two bridges measuring about 93 ft each, built in 1911 and 1915. The listed section ends at an intersection with the Cannon Valley Trail, formerly the Chicago Great Western Railroad, and then continues on as Cannon Bottom Road, a signed city street. As of 2015 the northern, 1915 bridge has been removed.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph D. and Margaret Kelly House is a historic residence in The Dalles, Oregon, United States. Joseph Kelly, a highly successful farmer during the establishment of wheat as a major cash crop in Wasco County, retired young to this 1908 blufftop house and continued his career as a landlord and businessman. He and his wife Margaret, a teacher and member of another important wheat family, became a prominent philanthropic figures in The Dalles. The house is architecturally notable for its vernacular rendering of the Queen Anne style, reflecting the Kellys&#39; rural background in contrast to the high Victorian approach used elsewhere in The Dalles.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Lansdowne is a historic mansion that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi. It was originally built as the owner&#39;s residence on a 727-acre antebellum plantation, and is still owned and occupied by the descendants of the builder.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located on Marshall Road, one mile north of the Natchez city limits.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George M. Marshall, a Princeton University graduate, and his new bride Charlotte Hunt built the mansion on 727 acres previously known as the Ivy Tract in 1852-1853, having been given the land by Charlottes rich, planter, father David Hunt (1779-1861). The plantation was named after the couples English friend, the Marquess of Lansdowne, probably because it made them feel like English landed gentry. The plantation was 727 acres in size. Their Louisiana Plantation was Arcola in Tensas Parish near the Mississippi River town of Waterproof.</p><br>
<p>George Marshall had twenty-two slaves on Lansdowne; and his Louisiana plantation, valued at $119,000, had 104 slaves. In 1860 his Louisiana and Mississippi property was valued at $319,000. This did not include much of his earned and inherited assets. Portraits of Levin R. Marshall and George M. Marshall, painted by Louis Joseph Bahin, hang in the dining-room at Lansdowne.</p><br>
<p>George Marshall fought in the Civil War. He was wounded at the Battle of Shiloh, returned home, and paid someone else to fight on in his place. During the War on January 8, 1865, eleven Union soldiers broke into Lansdowne to rob the Marshalls. They did not get much because the butler, Robert, had hidden the Marshalls silver under the floor of the mansion. In frustration the soldiers took a few pieces of the Marshalls fine china and smashed it along the road as they left.</p><br>
<p>Without the slave labor from before the war, the Marshall&#39;s wealth began to decline. The mansion and 120 acres still belong to the Marshall descendants.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The mansion, built ca. 1853, was designed in the Georgian Revival architectural style. A stairwell in the butlers pantry leads to storage rooms in the attic and basement. The attic is finished off nicely with gaslight fixtures. The basement had wine and dairy cellars. Due to the impending Civil War, the Marshalls finished the mansion quickly, leaving off the planned second floor. Because of this, the planned library became the middle bedroom instead. Two dependency structures flank the rear courtyard behind the house. During antebellum times, the north dependency housed the kitchen, wash room, and servants rooms, while the south dependency housed the billiard room, office, schoolroom and governess&#39;s room.</p><br>
<p>The mansion is important because it contains most of its lavish original interiors and furnishings with many items having been imported from Europe. The front parlor contains one of the most complete and well preserved Rococo Revival style interiors in Mississipp from the mid 1800s. The home contains rare Zuber & Cie wallpaper, rosewood and mahogany furniture, and Egyptian marble mantelpieces. The rosewood parlor set and Zuber & Cie wallpaper were purchased by George Marshall I on a trip to France. Various cypress base boards are painted to resemble oak and marble. The bronze chandeliers used to be powered by gas made in the plantation&#39;s gas works.</p><br>
<p>To keep the house livable, in the early 1900s a bathroom was added on the south end of the rear porch. Electricity was added in the 1940s. In 1962 a kitchen was installed in the butler&#39;s pantry and a second bathroom was added to one corner of a bedroom. This was done with as little damage to the original interiors as possible.</p><br>
<p>Outside, the grounds span 140 acres, including Spanish moss, streams, and woodland.</p><br>
<p>Clonmoyle Mill was a watermill in the townland of Clonmoyle East, situated 4 km south-east of Aghabullogue village and 3.5 km north-east of Coachford village.</p><br>
<p>The Archaeological Inventory of County Cork describes it as a (now roofless and without floors) mid to late nineteenth century corn mill, rectangular, four-storey, with a three bay entrance front, and located on the western bank of the Dripsey River. Access to the third floor of the mill was gained from a modernized residential house via a stone platform and cement bridge. A wheel pit housed a cast-iron suspension water wheel with a diameter of 4.9 metres, and inscribed J. Steel and Sons, Vulcan Foundry, Cork. A pinion-wheel, via a pit-wheel within the mill, powered two line shafts, which in turn powered two pairs of French burr millstones on the first floor. A similar gable-ended structure was attached to the mill north wall, with intact roof and floors, but in poor condition. Foundation blocks for machinery remained on the ground floor, but all gearing and machinery had been removed, with a Crossley Engine lying discarded to the north.</p><br>
<p>Clonmoyle Mill is not depicted on the 1841 surveyed OS Map, nor mentioned in Ordnance Survey name books, and would appear to be of later construction. It exists by the mid-nineteenth century, as the Primary Valuation of Ireland (Griffiths Valuation) records a Hamilton as occupier of a Flour Mill in Clonmoyle, with the buildings valued at £34, and the Lessor being Jonathan Bruce. This is the same Jonathan Bruce who was then occupier of nearby Clonmoyle House, leased from Charles Colthurst. On the 1901 surveyed OS Map, it is depicted as Clonmoyle Mill (Corn), with a nearby footbridge, sluice to the Dripsey River and mill race originating to the north near Luskins Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Irish Tourist Association survey of 1944 confirms Clonmoyle House as the residence of Mrs Young, who also owned nearby Clonmoyle Flour Mills. A separate survey entry is contained for Clonmoyle Flour Mills, giving the company name of John Young and Sons Limited, Clonmoyle, Coachford, which company appears to exist to this day. The survey states that numerous mills were erected around the Great Famine (Ireland) period to meet increased demand for the processing of Indian meal and it was thought Clonmoyle Mill was built for this reason as between 1847 and 1854. The exact year of construction was uncertain, but a grinding stone, said to be a replacement from another mill, bore the date 1856. Clonmoyle Mill was said to have first been operated by Charles Colthurst of Ballyvourney and that methods introduced by him were still followed in 1944, and the mill independently operated, some ninety years later. Wheat was kiln dried in the loft, heated through a perforated floor, and then ground into flour by stone rollers driven from the mill wheel. The older milling method employed was said to be preferred. Oats and barley were also ground for the feeding of cattle, pigs and poultry. Visitors were admitted to the mill, free of charge, but at their own risk.</p><br>
<p>ODonoghue (1986) refers to flour mills&#39; located at the eastern side of Clonmoyle East, which were by then disused. Today, Clonmoyle Mill is in a ruinous condition and its surroundings neglected.</p><br>
<p>Cottage House is a country house in the townland of Clonmoyle East, situated 3.1 km south-east of Aghabullogue village and 4.4 km north of Coachford village. The house and demesne were dominant features in the rural landscape of Ireland, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Location often reflected the distribution of better land, and this is evidenced in mid-Cork, where many of these houses were situated along the valley of the River Lee and its tributaries.</p><br>
<p>Cottage House was once a Pyne family residence. Lewis (1837) describes the parish of Aghabologue as containing numerous large and elegant houses, to include the Cottage, of J. Pyne, Esq. The tithe applotment book for the townland of Clonmoyle East records John Pyne, Esq. as occupying 127 acres.</p><br>
<p>The Landed Estates Database advises that Cottage was originally a Vize residence, and later occupied by the Pyne family, Following the death of John Pyne in 1837, the property was left to his nephew, Reverend John Paul Lawless, who took the name and arms of Pyne.</p><br>
<p>According to the Ordnance Survey name book c. 1840, the townland was the property of Rev. J.L. Pyne and Molly Davis, principally being excellent ground under cultivation, with some bog and furze running through it. Cottage was described as a fine house with good offices attached, built by Rev. John Lawless Pine of Cloyne, and at the time being the residence of Richard Ellard, Esq. A good deal of ornamental ground was said to surround it.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-nineteenth century, the Primary Valuation of Ireland (Griffiths Valuation) records Rev. John Lawless Pine as immediate lessor of the property, which was then unoccupied, and valued at c. £17. Pyne was also recorded as the occupier of c. 1 acre of plantation&#39;.</p><br>
<p>Today it remains a private residence, and is not accessible to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Star City Confederate Memorial is located at the southwest corner of the town square of Star City, Arkansas. The marble monument depicts a Confederate Army soldier standing in mid stride with his left foot forward. His hands hold the barrel of a rifle, whose butt rests on the monument base. The statue is about 6 ft high and 2 ft square; it rests on a marble foundation that is 20 ft long, 12 ft wide, and 8 ft high. The monument was erected in 1926 by a local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy at a cost of about $2,500.</p><br>
<p>The memorial was first placed on the grounds of the 1911 courthouse, which was made into the town square after that building was torn down in 1943. That year, the memorial was moved to the grounds of the new courthouse. In the 1990s it was moved back to the town square, and now stands near its original location.</p><br>
<p>All four sides of the monument base have inscriptions. The front, facing south, reads "IN MEMORY OF / OUR / CONFEDERATE / HEROES / 1861 - 1865". The east side reads "LINCOLN COUNTY / REMEMBERS THE / FAITHFULNESS OF / HER SONS AND / COMMENDS THEIR / EXAMPLE TO / FUTURE GENERATIONS." The north side reads "ERECTED BY / CAPT. J. MARTIN / MERONEY / CHAPTER NO. 1831 / OF LINCOLN COUNTY / U. D. C." The west side reads "OUR FURLED BANNER / WREATHED WITH / GLORY AND THOUGH / CONQUERED, WE ADORE / IT. WEEP FOR THOSE / WHO FELL BEFORE IT. / PARDON THOSE WHO / TRAILED AND TORE IT."</p><br>
<p>The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Saragossa was a plantation in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located on Saragossa Road in Natchez, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The plantation was established in 1823 by Dr Stephen Duncan (1787-1867), the wealthiest cotton planter and the second largest slaveowner in the Antebellum South. Cotton was the main cash crop grown here.</p><br>
<p>In 1835, William St. John Elliot purchased the plantation, who also owned D&#39;Evereux. In 1849, it was purchased by William G. Conner, who sold it back to Elliot in 1852. That same year, in 1852, it was purchased by Winfield Gibson. Three years later, in 1855, it was purchased by Caroline Williams, who bequeathed it to her daughter, Anna (Williams) Smith, and her son-in-law, Walton Pembroke Smith. It then stayed in the Smith family until the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 24, 1980.</p><br>
<p>Mount Beevor is one of the highest peaks on the eastern flank of the central Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia with height of 503 metres.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Beevor is a rounded prominence forming part of a north-south trending ridge, about 30 km east of Mount Lofty and 18 km north east of Mount Barker. The western slopes are the steepest.</p><br>
<p>The headwaters of the Bremer River collect beside the western base of Mount Beevor before flowing southward into Lake Alexandrina. Geologically, it is about mid-way along the north-south running Bremer Fault Scarp.</p><br>
<p>The junction of the boundaries of the following localities all coincide with its summit - Harrogate, Rockleigh and Tungkillo which are all located within the Rural City of Murray Bridge and the cadastral units of the County of Sturt and the Hundred of Monarto.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Rainfall is low. The district was noted among early pioneers for being somewhat waterless. The peak, often windy, can be bleak, foggy, and bitterly cold in winter, providing little shelter from the elements. Heavy snowstorms thickly blanketed Mount Beevor in July 1901. In contrast, summer thunderstorms can wash out nearby roads, turning watercourses into torrents. During such events very little water was captured in the landscape in its natural state, causing severe downstream flooding, particularly along the Bremer River. In between these extremes there are frequent outbursts of fine weather affording spectacular views over ridges and spurs strewn with wildflowers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Indigenous inhabitants of this district were the Peramangk people but their name for the mount is unknown. Because of the barren nature of the mount their nomadic visits were relatively brief and rare.</p><br>
<p>The first Europeans to discover and visit the mount was the expedition of Dr George Imlay and John Hill on 25 January 1838. They were returning on horseback to Adelaide from Mannum after being the first to reach the Murray overland within South Australia and had initially mistaken the peak for Mount Barker. Despite having realised their mistake they did not name it.</p><br>
<p>The present name originates from Captain Beevor, a former British Army soldier who in late 1839 was the first European settler in this district. He pioneered a sheep run there, with his head station near the southern base of the mount and his shepherds’ huts scattered all round. In 1844 Beevor moved to pioneer a sheep run on Eyre Peninsula, being speared to death there in 1849.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent pastoralists included the Murray family, whose Mount Beevor Estate became noted as one of the best wool producing properties in South Australia and an outstanding merino breeding establishment. The family of Thomas Hope Murray (1854-1905) lived there in an up-to-date homestead comprising fifteen spacious rooms. From 1906 Norman Edward Brice (1864-1927) and family continued the high reputation of Mount Beevor Estate.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Mount Beevor is located in an agricultural district. The slopes of the mount, which are mostly rock-studded grassland with clusters of remnant eucalyptus woodland, are utilised for livestock grazing.</p><br>
<p>In recent decades the summit has become important for communications. Transmission towers are located there to provide broadcast and relay capacities throughout the district for Telstra, mobile phone providers, Emergency Services, and C.B. Radio. A vehicular track allows servicing of these facilities but is closed to public vehicles.</p><br>
<p>Bushwalking tourism is a more recent development. On clear days there are outstanding panoramic views from Mount Beevor summit. It has therefore become an important staging point along the Lavender Federation Trail, a recreational walking trail running between Murray Bridge and Truro.</p><br>
<p>Priddy Nine Barrows Cemetery and Ashen Hill Barrow Cemetery are a collection of round barrows, dating from the Bronze Age, near Priddy in the English county of Somerset. They are designated as ancient monuments.</p><br>
<p>The barrows sit on crests of land at either end of a field in an area of the Mendip Hills with several Neolithic remains. They are assumed to be related to the Priddy Circles which lie 750 m to the north. Ashen Hill consists of six bowl barrows and two bell barrows aligned east to west while Priddy Nine Barrows divided into one group of seven round barrows and another pair slightly separated from the others.</p><br>
<p>Excavations in 1815 uncovered cremation burials and grave goods. A geophysical magnetometry survey suggested that there may have been three further barrows.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The field where the monuments are located is 750 m south of the Priddy Circles, a linear arrangement of four circular earthwork enclosures described as probable Neolithic ritual or ceremonial monuments similar to a henge.</p><br>
<p>It is approximately 1 km east of the village of Priddy itself and 0.5 km west of Stock Hill a Forestry Commission plantation. Between the barrows and Stock Hill is the Priddy Mineries, a nature reserve of the Somerset Wildlife Trust, which is itself a is part of the Priddy Pools Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) which was worked for lead for many centuries.</p><br>
<p>The cemeteries sit on the two highest ridges in the area with Priddy Nine Barrows being 307 m above sea level and Ashen Hill at 295 m.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Ashen Hill</h3><br>
<p>Ashen Hill Barrow Cemetery is the most northerly of the sites and consists of six bowl barrows and two bell barrows aligned east to west, although :Lewes suggests that three may be bell barrows. Each of the mounds is between 14 m and 20 m in diameter and rising to between 2 m and 3 m high. Each is surrounded by a ditch which has become infilled over time. To the north and east of the barrows are further signs of excavations but these were related to lead extraction.</p><br>
<h3>Priddy Nine Barrows</h3><br>
<p>The southern area consists of the Priddy Nine Barrows which is divided into one group of seven round barrows and another pair. The group of seven are in a line on the crest of North Hill. Each is between 12 m and 27 m in diameter and rises to between 1 m and 3 m high. Each is surrounded by a shallow ditch which has become partly infilled. The tops of some of the barrows have indentations which are believed to have been caused by early 19th century excavations.</p><br>
<p>The pair of bowl barrows are approximately 150 m north of the most westerly of the group of seven, with a 20 m between them. Similarly to the other seven they are around 20 m in diameter and rise to between 2.5 m and 3 m high.</p><br>
<p>They have been known as Priddy Nine Barrows since 1296.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations and investigations</h2><br>
<p>In 1815 John Skinner carried out a partial excavation and identified cremation burials in an oval cyst which was covered by a flat stone just below where ground level would have been in the Bronze Age. He also uncovered bronze daggers and spear head, decorative amber beads, a bronze ring and a small incense cup.</p><br>
<p>At least one of the Ashen Hill Barrows was excavated by a team led by Herbert E. Balch in 1894.</p><br>
<p>They were scheduled as ancient monuments in 1933, possibly to stop excavation by the University of Bristol Spelæological Society and local schools.</p><br>
<p>A geophysical magnetometry survey investigated the area between the existing seven and the outliers which make up Priddy Nine Barrows suggesting that there may have been three further barrows, however the work was inconclusive. The result suggested a ring ditch and some other disturbances by any further barrows could have been disturbed by lead mining.</p><br>
<p>The Crabtree Jones House, also known historically as the Nathaniel Jones Jr. House, is a residence at 3108 Hillmer Drive in Raleigh, North Carolina. Constructed around 1808-1811  by Nathaniel Jones, it is one of the few remaining large scale plantation homes in Wake County, and one of the oldest private residences in Raleigh. The home has received several additions since its initial construction, but is mainly known for its Federal-style front. Owned by the Jones family for more than 150 years, the house has fallen into disrepair in more recent decades. Following the purchase of the land the house sat upon by developers in 2012, Preservation North Carolina acquired the house and had it moved to a nearby residential neighborhood, where it sits today. The Crabtree Jones house was greatly influenced by the historical events it stood through while in turn influencing the way the Raleigh community developed around it, through both its people and through its land.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>18th century</h3><br>
<p>The land on which the Crabtree Jones house sat has been owned by the Jones for centuries. A parcel of land was first acquired by the family through a 1740s land grant by the Earl of Granville to Francis Jones. The formers nickname reflects the landscape in which his house was built.</p><br>
<h3>Antebellum</h3><br>
<p>Crabtree Jones passed the house off to his son, Kimbrough Jones, along with a large estate. Kimbrough took this inheritance and greatly expanded it. According to the 1850 census, the Jones familys property was worth $18,619; by the 1860 census that number had risen to $50,000. It is most likely the case that their main crop in the antebellum period was tobacco. Like his father, Kimbrough was also involved in the local community through politics, serving in the general assembly of North Carolina for several terms. At the start of the American Civil War Kimbrough was an old man (by the time of the 1860 census he was 76) and died in 1866. The Joness land was used by both sides during the War Between the States; Camp Crabtree, one of a few large Confederate training camps around Raleigh, was located on their land. The house itself appears to have been quite effected by Shermans troops, who destroyed or stole most of the furniture and personal property within the house. Kimbrough wrote in 1865 that, “I cannot describe nor you imagine the utter destruction of everything in the house and out of doors; everything in the house except the beds, bureaus, wardrobes and a few chairs is destroyed”. A year after the wars end Kimbrough Jones died, leaving the house to his son, Kimbrough Jones Jr.</p><br>
<h3>Postbellum</h3><br>
<p>Throughout the latter half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century the family continued to be an active part of the community. Although it does not appear anyone from the family served in World War I, a few of the sons of Kimbrough joined soon afterwards in order to receive money for their college education. Through multiple correspondences between their mother, Mrs. Mary Kimbrough Jones, and various sources it becomes apparent that the sons did not enjoy the army life and that the Jones family had political connections. One of the US senators of North Carolina at the time and State Treasurer both sent letters to the army on behalf of the Jones family requesting that Peter Jones, one of the Jones sons, be discharged to help at the farm. One of Kimbrough Jr.s sons, BK Jones, attended NC A&M (now NC State University); the Jones family children attended Millbrook High School in the 1930s. The house continued to be an active farm for the first half of the twentieth century. Its cash crop was cotton, but the Jones lands appear to have produced many crops. The Crabtree Jones House was even featured on the cover of a 1934 issue of The Progressive Farmer. Religion also seems to be an important part of the Jones life. Kimbrough Jones Sr. wrote in a letter from 1848 from Hyde County that the worst thing about the place was, “that there is little religion here.” In the 20th century the family was involved with Millbrook United Methodist Church. The house and surrounding grounds continued to be owned by the Jones family until being sold to a developer in 1973.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>By the latter half of the 20th century the Crabtree Jones house had fallen into disrepair. As the area surrounding the house and its now only 30-acre property began to be developed, the first efforts to save the home were made. In 1969 the house was designated a historic site by the city of Raleigh, and in 1973 it was placed in the National Register of Historic Places. (The house was originally listed under the name "Crabtree Jones House&quot this was altered in 2016 to "Nathaniel Jones Jr. House".) With the support of the Raleigh Historic Sites commission, the new owner of the house, Charles Gaddy, promised to preserve the house and prevent its demolition, thus preserving the house for the short term. This did not, however, guarantee its restoration, something it was in dire need of.</p><br>
<p>As the home continued to fall into disrepair several nonprofits attempted to purchase the Crabtree Jones house, but to no avail. As early as 1974 the Junior League was considering putting money into the house as part of a greater bicentennial project; the cost of restoration at that time was estimated at $40,000 to $45,000. By the 1990s much of the surrounding land had been bought up by developers, so that by the early 2000s only the house and a one-acre tract of land of the former Jones estate remained. The current estimated restoration cost is at $500,000.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Crabtree Jones Houses architectural history is as significant as the history of those who lived in it. Dendrochronology performed in 2014 dated the front of the house to 1808-09 and the stairwell to 1811. The floor beams of all sections of the house are made with wood, and are in varying states of decay due to centuries of termite damage. The houses main section is exemplary of early Federal architecture. This part of the Crabtree Jones House consists of a central two story section that is 5 bays wide and flanked by two one story extensions on either end, both one bay wide. The interior is laid out in a traditional hall and parlor house floor plan, with the front door, a single 6 paneled wood one, opening into the main dining room. However, the original set of stairs leading up to the second floor had been removed some time since the construction of the additions, so that the main stairwell is now housed in the hallway of the first addition. Although the house is thought to originally have no porch, its front has been graced by them during different periods in time, including a highly decorated Italianate one thought to have been put in around the mid-19th century and a plainer one believed to be put in around the early 20th century. For the 2014 relocation this second porch was removed.</p><br>
<p>The house features two additions, one believed to have been constructed in the early 19th century and the second around the middle of that century. These feature some unique architectural elements as well, such as Greek revival moldings and an enclosed second story slanted porch. The house contains three brick chimneys, one in the back extension and two in the main section. The mantels in the front of the house are unique in the fact that they are ornately painted with pastoral scenes and motifs. Hinges on doors are of the traditional H and L bolt fashion. Screen doors windows were added in several places starting in 1925. The house itself is covered by wood weatherboards on both the main section and the addition, and the exterior is currently painted white.</p><br>
<p>Before its removal the Crabtree Jones house contained a large English basement. Once Preservation North Carolina was able to examine the house in detail it was found that the basement had been used as a family trash dump for several generations. Numerous artifacts were uncovered, including broken glass, pottery, etc. All of what could be was removed for safekeeping and the English Basement demolished in order to make way for the oncoming apartments. Archeological digs were also conducted at the site the house was moved to, but those uncovered nothing of significance.</p><br>
<h2>Move</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, Charles Gaddy died, and the land transferred to another development group in 2009. The property, including that on which the house sat, are to be turned into a set of apartment buildings similar to those that have been built recently in other sections of the city. Much of the forest that had covered the remaining one acre property was removed. Fortunately, the nonprofit Preservation North Carolina, with the cooperation of the developer and the local community, was able to move the house off its hill to a nearby 1960s suburban neighborhood that also houses the Jones family cemetery. A key challenge concerning the move was just how exactly the 200-ton house would be transported down a hill of such a steep grade. This was accomplished via the use of computer-controlled hydraulic pumps that kept the house level during its transfer. The move itself had a budget of $632,000, which included placing the house on the steel moving array, transportation, and the purchase and demolition of the existing 1960s ranch home on whose site the Crabtree Jones house was to be placed. The house successfully completed its move on February 4, 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Effect on community</h2><br>
<p>In April 2014 the Crabtree Jones House was still garnering media interest, particularly in the news. To some extent it had reopened a debate over the preservation of historic buildings, particularly in downtown Raleigh&#39;s Historic Oakwood District. This section of town offers a wide variety of housing styles and ages, ranging from 19th century Victorian to 1920s bungalows. However, in recent decades the neighborhood has strongly opposed constructing any new houses in the area or adding additions onto any of the existing houses. One example that has gained notoriety in recent months is the construction of a particular home in the district that strongly features modernist design. While some neighbors have supported the construction, many others have condemned it, and the opposing sides have taken their debate all the way to the county superior courts. The Crabtree Jones House has been used as an arguing point for the side supporting the approval of the modernist house. One of the many reasons the house was preserved is because of its significant variety of architectural styles. Throughout the 19th century the house went through varying degrees of renovation so that it now showcases many different architectural styles. Those groups who support the construction of the modernist house in the Oakwood neighborhood, such as Preservation North Carolina (the nonprofit largely responsible for preventing the destruction of the Crabtree Jones House), argue that such a diversity of architecture will, in the long run, add to the historical uniqueness of Oakwood. Issues with modern construction in the neighborhood have usually been dealt with quickly in the past and in favor of those who wish the neighborhood to remain unchanged; the relocation of the Crabtree Jones House and its prevalence in the news can be labeled as partially to blame for the prolonged argument.</p><br>
<p>The preservation of the Crabtree Jones House has also acted as community unifying event, and has brought historic preservation back into the limelight. Its unique architectural features have inspired new debate in the field of historic preservation and the construction of modern houses in historic neighborhoods. The house itself has been affected by nearly every event that effected the state since its creation. Through the contributions of the Jones family to the local community through service and economics the house has helped to shape the local landscape. In these ways it has served as an important part of public history for the Raleigh area.</p><br>
<p>The Ladies Rest Room is a historic building in Lewisburg, Tennessee, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Ladies Rest Room was built by the Marshall County court in 1924 as a place for rural women to relax, rest, and eat during their visits to Lewisburg, the county seat. It is thought to be the first and possibly the only stand-alone ladies&#39; rest room in Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The building is a one-story rectangular red brick structure with a basement, built in the Colonial Revival style. It was designed by A. C. Colley, a Nashville architect, and constructed by local builder J. L. Sanders. Exterior features include a covered porch that wraps around the front of the building and part of one side, wooden columns on brick pilasters, a parapet roof with a wooden cornice, and wooden trellises. The building interior includes a large reception room in the front, a bathroom and hall in the building&#39;s midsection, and a private bedroom in the rear (provided for the live-in matron who was hired by the county to maintain the facility and supervise its operation). The basement houses a kitchen and dining area.</p><br>
<p>The Ladies Rest Room proved popular. Shortly after it opened in 1924, the county&#39;s home demonstration agent reported that "constant use is being made of it by the country people." It became customary for farm families to travel into Lewisburg on Saturdays and important court days, with the men gathering in the county courthouse and their wives congregating in the Ladies Rest Room.</p><br>
<p>The Ladies Rest Room building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. At the time of its listing, it was still being used for its original purpose.</p><br>
<p>French Farm Lake is a lake in Wawatam Township in Emmet County in the USA state of Michigan. 802 acres in size, it is located approximately 2.7 miles southwest of Mackinaw City, Michigan. It is the northernmost lake of Michigan&#39;s Lower Peninsula. It is served by the North Country Trail from Mackinaw City and by local dirt roads.</p><br>
<p>A typical shallow lake in the North Woods, the lake is partly surrounded by wetlands. Like much of the Mackinaw State Forest the region around the lake was cut over in the late 1800s for timber; exhausted land parcels were allowed to return to the public sector. The French Farm Lake State Flooding Wildlife Management Area, a unit within the State Forest that is owned and managed by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (M-DNR), is a parcel of land of 2,948 acres in extent. M-DNR maintains an earthen boat ramp close to the northern end of the lake, from which boaters can launch vessels and fish for bass and pike. The surrounding wetlands are breeding grounds for mallards and wood ducks.</p><br>
<p>The lake&#39;s name may be derived from a frontier farm cultivated on the lakeshore in the 18th century. The farmstead, which supplied food to Fort Michilimackinac, was excavated by archaeologists in 1981-1982. A monograph was published.</p><br>
<p>Montour Run is a tributary of Fishing Creek in Columbia County, Pennsylvania. It is the last named tributary to join the creek and is 3.1 mi long. The stream&#39;s watershed has an area of approximately 4.7 square miles and is located in Montour Township, Columbia County and Cooper Township, Montour County. The annual load of sediment in the watershed is 4,248,000 lb, most of which comes from agricultural lands. Minnows live in the stream.</p><br>
<p>A. Joseph Armstrong called the stream "undistinguished" and "not an impressive stream" in his book Trout Unlimited&#39;s Guide to Pennsylvania Limestone Streams.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Montour Run begins in the western reaches of Montour Township, near the western edge of Columbia County. The headwaters are slightly south of USA Route 11 and near the community of Grovania. The stream flows east for a short distance and passes a landing strip, roughly following USA Route 11, before turning east-southeast and receiving an unnamed tributary from a quarry. Shortly after receiving the tributary, it turns east-northeast and then east. After a short distance, it turns northeast, continuing to follow USA Route 11. The stream passes through a pond and crosses under Pennsylvania Route 42 before turning east-southeast and reaching its confluence with Fishing Creek near Rupert.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The daily sediment load in Montour Run is 11,638 lb. This equates to 4,248,000 lb per year. A 28.2% reduction in the load would be required for the stream to meet the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection&#39;s standards.</p><br>
<p>Of the 4,248,000 lb of sediment that flows through Montour Run per year, 3,550,800 lb per year comes from croplands. 271,400 lb comes from hay and pastures, 224,800 lb comes from stream banks, and 109,400 lb comes from land classified as "transition" by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. Annually, 46,600 lb of sediment in the stream comes from land classified as "low-intensity development" by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and 45,000 lb per year comes from forests. No sediment in the watershed comes from wetlands.</p><br>
<p>Most of the streams in the watershed of Montour Run do not meet the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection&#39;s water quality standards, but a tributary in the northwestern reaches of the watershed do meet the standards.</p><br>
<p>The average annual rainfall in the Montour Run watershed between 1976 and 1992 was 39.4 in. The average annual runoff during this time period was 3.1 in. The stream has a high water temperature.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Montour Run is located in the ridge and valley physiographic region of the Appalachian Mountains. The elevation in the watershed ranges from less than 500 ft to more than 1,220 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>50 percent of the rock in the watershed of Montour Run is shale 25 percent is sandstone, 20 percent is interbedded sedimentary rock. The remaining 5 percent is carbonate rock. The Mahantango Formation is found in the lower reaches of the Montour Run watershed, as is the Marcellus Formation. Both of these formations are from the Middle Devonian.</p><br>
<p>95 percent of the soil in the Montour Run watershed is in the hydrologic soil group B, while 5 percent is in the hydrologic soil group C.</p><br>
<p>Montour Run is 10 ft wide. The banks of the stream experience erosion.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Montour Run has an area of approximately 4.7 square miles. The watershed is in Montour Township, as well as Cooper Township, in Montour County. Agricultural land, including cropland, hay, and pastures, makes up 45.7% of the land in the watershed and forests make up 40.5% of the land. 13.1% of the land is classified as "low-intensity development" by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection and 0.7% of the watershed is wetland.</p><br>
<p>Hay and pastures occupy 800.6 acres of the watershed of Montour Run and 538.7 acres of the watershed are occupied by cropland.</p><br>
<p>There are NWI wetlands and steep slopes on the lower reaches of Montour Run.</p><br>
<p>There are 10.8 mi of streams in the Montour Run watershed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Montour Run is named after Madame Montour.</p><br>
<p>A stone arch bridge was built over the stream near Bloomsburg in 1880 and it underwent repair in 1927. It is 29.9 ft long and as of 2009, 150 vehicles per day travel over it.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Montour Run is considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be a coldwater fishery. The only fish living in the stream are minnows.</p><br>
<p>The riparian buffer is limited in some places along Montour Run. Conservation farming is not practiced in the upper reaches of the watershed.</p><br>
<p>Sechler Run (also known as Sechler&#39;s Run The stream flows through Cooper Township, Mahoning Township, and Danville. Its only named tributary is Blizzards Run.</p><br>
<p>A. Joseph Armstrong described Sechler Run in Danville as "on the whole uninviting" in his book Trout Unlimited&#39;s Guide to Pennsylvania Limestone Streams.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Sechler Run begins in Cooper Township, near the community of Ridgeville. It flows west and slightly south and leaves Cooper Township after a short distance. Upon leaving Cooper Township, the stream enters Mahoning Township and continues flowing southwest, crossing under USA Route 11. It then turns northwest, crossing USA Route 11 again, and turns west, entering Danville after some distance. In Danville, the stream crosses USA Route 11 again and then crosses Pennsylvania Route 54. It reaches its confluence with Mahoning Creek shortly afterwards.</p><br>
<h3>Tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Blizzards Run is the only named tributary of Sechler Run. It is 1.38 mi long. It flows under two railroads in Danville and reaches its confluence with Sechler Run near where the Danville Structural Tubing Company&#39;s plant stood in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<h2>Geography, geology, and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation of Sechler Run at its mouth is 459 ft above sea level. The stream is channelized in Danville, sometimes with concrete. The water temperature on the stream in this location is warm, but the waters are cooler in the upper reaches of it.</p><br>
<p>Rock formations in the southernmost reaches of the watershed of Sechler Run include the Trimmers Rock Formation and the Hamilton Group. Further north in the watershed are the Bloomsburg and Mifflintown Formation undivided, the Wills Creek Formation, the Onondaga/Old Port Formation, and the Keyser and Tonoloway Formation Undivided. The Clinton Group is found yet further north in the watershed.</p><br>
<p>Most of the soil in the watershed belongs to the Berks-Weikert-Beddington soil series. However, the lower reaches of the watershed have the Chenango-Pope-Holly soil series.</p><br>
<p>Sechler Run is narrower in its upper reaches than it is in its lower reaches. The width of the stream is less than 30 ft.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of entities classified as "disturbances" on Sechler Run. 34.22 percent are erosion sites, 26.78 percent are deposition bars, and 18.72 percent are pipes. 8.73 percent of the disturbances are riprap, 7.11 percent are tributaries, and 1 percent are concrete walls.</p><br>
<p>Sechler Run experiences siltation. The headwaters and lower reaches of the stream are considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired.</p><br>
<p>Mulberry Street in Danville can be affected by Sechler Run when it floods. The speed of the floodwaters can be as high as 6 ft to 7 ft per second. Backwater from the Susquehanna River can also flood the stream.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Sechler Run has an area of 7.6 square miles. Most of the land in the watershed is agricultural land. However, there is forested land in the southern part of the watershed and developed land in the eastern part of the watershed. There are 18.16 mi of streams in the watershed.</p><br>
<p>Sechler Run is located between the tracks of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad and the former Pennsylvania Canal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Historically, the Danville Stove and Manufacturing Company was located near Sechler Run. The Hanover Brewing Company was located in the Blizzards Run sub-watershed, east of Danville. In the early 1900s, eight residencies on Church Street in Danville discharged water from their water closets into the stream. Historically, the stream was one border of Danville.</p><br>
<p>The waters of Sechler Run are sometimes diverted to a pumping station and then sent into Mahoning Creek. This pumping station was built in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The state of Pennsylvania has a flood protection project on Sechler Run.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>Sechler Run has a relatively high level of plant and animal biodiversity, especially considering that it is in an urban area.</p><br>
<p>Dragonfly larvae and crayfish have been observed in Sechler Run. This indicates relatively high water quality. However, the lower reaches of the stream do not contain many habitats for fish and none are found in this part of the stream.</p><br>
<p>Numerous chubs inhabit holding water in the upper reaches of Sechler Run, as do smaller numbers of smallmouths.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, 300 rainbow trout were distributed in Sechler Run.</p><br>
<p>Eight species of birds live in the vicinity of Sechler Run. These species are broad-winged hawk, northern flicker, red-winged blackbird, American goldfinch, eastern phoebe, song sparrow, gray catbird, and house wren.</p><br>
<p>Elodea plants inhabit the lower reaches of Sechler Run in Danville.</p><br>
<p>There are several species of invasive plants in the watershed of Sechler Run. These include multiflora rose, Japanese barberry, Japanese knotweed, and garlic mustard.</p><br>
<p>The Gornaya Shoria megaliths  are rock formations that are part of Gornaya Shoria  in southern Siberia, Russia, lying to the east of the Altay Mountains. Popular, often fringe, articles have claimed these rock formations to be gigantic prehistoric man-made blocks, or megaliths. It is reported that the largest pieces or blocks of stone have estimated weights between three and four thousand tons, which would make them larger than the megaliths at Baalbek, in Lebanon.</p><br>
<h2>Formation</h2><br>
<p>Russian popular articles also note that Russian scientists have proposed that this rock formation may be the result of geological processes associated with the intense weathering of the rock comprising Mountain Shoriya. Both tectonic forces acting on deeply buried bedrock and pressure release that occurs within nearsurface bedrock as it is uplifted and eroded commonly form rectangular, block-like, rock formations that consist of jointed rock. Both tectonic forces acting on deeply buried, massive, bedrock, e.g. granite, and pressure release as this bedrock is uncovered by erosion can create sets of joints, which are known as orthogonal joint sets, that intersect at nearly 90°. Orthogonal joint sets quite often result in the formation of rock formations that are comparable in size and shape to the blocks shown in pictures of the alleged megaliths.</p><br>
<p>Also, it is quite common for spheroidal weathering, which a form of chemical weathering, to occur as groundwater circulates through orthogonal joint sets in the nearsurface. This process results in the alteration and disingtegration of bedrock adjacent to the joints. The preferential removal of weathered bedrock by erosion creates often creates bedrock blocks, which are called corestones. These bedrock blocks commonly have rounded corners and are separated from each other by cracks of variable size. Such corestones form both hills and mountains composed of exposed and rectangular blocks of jointed bedrock that are comparable to the rock formations found in the Mountain Shoriya. These hills and mountains are known as either tors or koppies.</p><br>
<p>The Catlow Valley is a basin in Harney County, Oregon, United States. It is a remote valley at the northwestern corner of North America&#39;s Basin and Range Province. The valley is named after a pioneer rancher, John Catlow. The area was used by Native Americans for thousands of years before European explorers arrived in the 19th century. Today, cattle ranching is the main commercial activity in the valley. The public land in the Catlow Valley is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. This public land offers a number of recreational opportunities including hiking, hunting, fishing, bird watching, and wildlife viewing.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Catlow Valley is located in Harney County in southeastern Oregon. The area is the northwestern corner of North America&#39;s continental basin and range country. The valley is approximately 50 mi long and 30 mi wide. It covers approximately 1,300 square miles of high desert range land.</p><br>
<p>The Catlow Valley is bounded by Hart Mountain on the west and Steens Mountain on the east, and Beatys Butte is southwest of the valley. Warner Peak is the highest point on Hart Mountain. The summit of Warner Peak is 8,012 ft above sea level. From the crest of the Hart Mountain, the land slopes gently down to the floor of the valley. Steens Mountain&#39;s western boundary is Catlow Rim. The rim runs along the east side of Catlow Valley from north to south. At the north end of the valley, the rim begins as gentle rolling hills. The rim gets steeper and high as it runs south. At the south end of the valley, Catlow Rim has a cliff face that rises more than a 1,000 ft above the valley floor. Beatys Butte is a stand-alone peak southwest of Catlow Valley. Its summit is 7,918 ft above sea level, which gives it a 3,400 ft prominence above the valley floor.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Catlow Valley is a tectonic depression called a graben. The rim is a basalt cliff that runs along the east side of the valley. Catlow Cave is located at the base of Catlow Rim near the southern end of the valley. The cave is 130 ft wide at its mouth. It is 50 ft high and 60 ft deep. Roaring Springs Cave is another prominent cave located at the base of Catlow Rim.</p><br>
<p>During the Pleistocene Epoch, the Catlow Valley was covered by a single large lake, approximately 50 mi by length and width. In some spots, the lake was over 250 ft deep. Today, the valley is a high-desert alluvial basin. However, evidence of the ancient lake can still be seen in the form of shoreline erosion marks, gravel bars, and wave-cut terraces around the edge of the valley, especially along the base of Catlow Rim.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The climate in the Catlow Valley is typical of the high-desert country of southeastern Oregon. Summers in the valley are short, characterized by high temperatures and very little moisture. The valley gets an average of 9 in of precipitation per year, mostly as snowfall. The winters are cold.</p><br>
<p>There is no official weather reporting station in the Catlow Valley. The P Ranch weather station is the nearest official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) reporting station to the valley. It is approximately 5 mi northeast of the Catlow Valley in the neighboring Blitzen Valley. The elevation of the P Ranch weather station is 4,210 ft above sea level, approximately 300 ft lower than the average elevation of the Catlow Valley. It reports daily weather data to NOAA&#39;s National Climatic Data Center.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The Catlow Valley topography provides a number of wildlife habitats. These include seasonal lakes, marshes, riparian areas, grasslands, sage steppe, dry juniper forests, and rimrock. The valley is predominantly high-desert grassland with gently rolling hills to the north, west, and south of the valley floor. There are wetlands and meadows at the mouth of canyons where runoff from Hart Mountain and Steens Mountain drains into the valley. There are two major drainages from Hart Mountain on the west side of the valley, Rock Creek and Guano Creek. Rock Creek enters the valley from the northwest, and Guano Creek flows in from the southwest. The east side of the valley is bounded by Catlow Rim, a steep and rugged cliff. The rim is cut by canyons that channel runoff into small man-made reservoirs and shallow natural marshes along the edges of the valley floor. The three main drainages on the east side of the valley are Home Creek, Threemile Creek, and Skull Creek. On the east side of the valley, Catlow Rim provides a rimrock habitat. Some of the east slope of Hart Mountain and the west slope of Steens Mountain are lightly covered with western juniper. There are also aspen trees in areas where winter snow tends to accumulate, as well as a ponderosa pine grove in one area on Hart Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The dominant vegetation throughout most of the valley is big sagebrush, low sagebrush, rabbitbrush, and bitterbrush. Common grasses include bluebunch wheatgrass, bunchgrass, and Idaho fescue. In addition, greasewood, shadscale, spiny hopsage, winterfat, and basin wildrye can be found in parts of the valley.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The Catlow Valley&#39;s wildlife includes many high-desert animal species. Large mammals found in the valley include mule deer, pronghorn, bighorn sheep, coyotes, bobcats, and cougars. The valley is also home to a herd of wild horses. Smaller mammals include badgers, jackrabbits, antelope squirrels, least chipmunks, bushy-tailed woodrats, desert woodrats, Great Basin pocket mice, canyon mice, and long-eared myotis bats. Among the common reptiles are Great Basin fence lizards, sagebrush lizards, desert horned lizards, western skinks, gopher snakes, and western rattlesnakes.</p><br>
<p>In the sage steppes and grasslands of the Catlow Valley, resident birds include horned larks, Brewers sparrows, vesper sparrows, sage thrashers, sagebrush sparrows, black-throated sparrows, common ravens, and greater sage grouse. The valley also hosts mountain chickadees, Cassins finches, black-headed grosbeaks, green-tailed towhees, yellow-rumped warblers, MacGillivrays warblers, mountain bluebirds, white-headed woodpeckers, California quail, mourning doves, magpies, burrowing owls, flammulated owls, and northern harriers. In the valleys riparian areas, dusky flycatchers, yellow warblers, orange-crowned warblers, house wrens, and spotted towhees are common in the summer months. In the rimrock, there are chukars, white-throated swifts, cliff swallows, and barn swallows. The larger birds include great horned owls, long-eared owls, prairie falcons, American kestrels, red-tailed hawks, and golden eagles.</p><br>
<p>All five of the year-round creeks that flow into the Catlow Valley (Rock Creek, Guano Creek, Home Creek, Skull Creek, and Threemile Creek) support fish populations. The native fish are tui chub, Lahontan cutthroat trout, and Great Basin redband trout. The creeks also host introduced populations of rainbow trout. Redband trout and tui chub are abundant and well-distributed throughout the Rock Creek habitat. In Home Creek, the redband distribution and abundance are moderate; portions of the habitat are degraded. The redband populations in Guano, Skull, and Threemile creeks are limited. In addition, degraded parts of the Threemile Creek habitat include Threemile Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>Native Americans used the Catlow Valley for thousands of years before the first European explorers arrived. The valley has a number of petroglyph sites. Some of these petroglyphs may be up to 12,000 years old. When he first excavated Catlow Cave in 1934, archaeologist Luther S. Cressman found evidence of Native American habitation dating back to the Paleo-Indian period (8,000 to 12,000 years ago) as well as artifacts from the Early Archaic period (6,000 to 8,000 years ago). Cressman identified four rock fire pits and other housekeeping features within Catlow Cave. Later excavations found stone tools, baskets, woven mats, sandals, rope, and fragments of leather. The Skull Creek dunes are another archaeological site that provides evidence of early Native American habitation in the Catlow Valley. That site documents at least 8,000 years of occupation. Prior to the arrival of white settlers, the Catlow Valley area was occupied by the Northern Paiute people.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The first European explorer to enter the valley may have been John Work, who headed a Hudson&#39;s Bay Company trapping expedition that explored the area in 1831. While it is not certain that he visited the Catlow Valley, Work is known to have passed through the Steens Mountain area as well as the neighboring Warner Valley, west of Hart Mountain.</p><br>
<p>In 1864, Lieutenant Colonel Charles S. Drew of the 1st Oregon Cavalry passed just south of the Catlow Valley while on a long-range reconnaissance patrol for the United States Army. Drew named Beatys Butte in honor of Sergeant A. M. Beaty, one of the noncommissioned officers in his party.</p><br>
<p>In 1865, the United States Army decided that it needed a fort in southeastern Oregon to facilitate the interdiction of Indian raiding parties passing through the area. In 1866, a detachment from Fort Boise was sent to establish the fort. The soldiers arrived on the east side of Warner Valley in late summer. Unable to cross the valleys long chain of lakes and marshes, the soldiers built a winter camp on the east slope of Hart Mountain, overlooking the Catlow Valley. This outpost was called Camp Warner (later known as Old Camp Warner). The camp was sited poorly, and the men had a very difficult winter. In February 1867, General George Crook visited the outpost. Citing the camps poor location, Crook ordered that the post be moved to the west side of the Warner Valley. When the new camp was finished in July 1867, Old Camp Warner was abandoned. Today, all that remains of Old Camp Warner is two military graves.</p><br>
<p>In 1865, the United States Congress authorized the construction of the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road from Eugene, Oregon, to Fort Boise in Idaho. Congress allowed the construction company to claim three sections of land for every mile of road built. As a result, road surveyors laid out a route designed to pass through as much well-watered land as possible. The route of the military road came through the Warner Valley, passed south of Hart Mountain through what is today the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, and then east through the Catlow Valley. However, the road was little more than a trail, and it was rarely used.</p><br>
<p>Cattle ranchers began using the Catlow Valley in the latter part of the 19th century. The first to arrive was Peter French in 1872, locating one of his five ranches in the valley. Another cattle rancher, John Catlow, followed in 1874. Catlow never owned land in the valley, but he grazed cattle there in the mid-1870s. David Shirk, one of Catlows foremen, named the valley after his boss. Shirk was soon joined by his brother, William. In 1876, the two Shirk brothers established a ranch in the Catlow Valley, near water sources around Home and Threemile creeks. This put the Shirk brothers at odds with French, who already controlled much the valleys water. In 1889, David Shirk killed one of French&#39;s ranch hands in a dispute over water rights. While a jury decided it was self-defense, the Shirk brothers moved their main ranch to a location south of Beatys Butte to minimize future conflict with French and his employees.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, a surge of dry-land farmers arrived in the Catlow Valley. They were drawn by the prospect of free land offered by the federal governments Homestead Act. Peoples interest in the area was increased by newspaper articles promising that a railroad would soon be built through the valley.</p><br>
<p>Beckley was founded in 1911 as a single store. A post office was added the following year. The Beckley post office remained open for 14 years, closing in 1926. Delaine was located at the west edge of the valley on a lower slope of Hart Mountain, in Lake County. Its post office was opened in 1912, then closed exactly one year later. The Catlow post office was opened in 1914 and remained open until 1923. The Berdugo post office was opened near the Roaring Springs Ranch in 1915. It closed two years later. Sageview was located on the west side of the valley. A post office was the only building at the site. The post office was opened in 1916 and closed in 1918. The Tiara post office was open from May 1916 to January 1917.</p><br>
<p>The largest and oldest community in the Catlow Valley was Blitzen. Its post office was opened in 1916. However, there were only three families left in Blitzen in 1924. By 1928, there were fewer than 100 people living in the entire valley. The Blitzen post office continued to operate as a small rural delivery site until it was closed in 1943.</p><br>
<h2>Human activity</h2><br>
<p>Today, there are no incorporated towns or unincorporated communities in the Catlow Valley, but only a few scattered ranches. Agriculture is the primary source of income for those living in the valley. Much of the private land in the valley is used to grow winter feed for local cattle herds. Wells provide groundwater for large irrigation circles and pipe irrigation systems in the valley. Because of the short growing season, the valley&#39;s principal crops are wild hay and alfalfa.</p><br>
<p>The largest ranch in the Catlow Valley is the Roaring Springs Ranch. It includes 260,000 acre of deeded property plus grazing rights on an additional 800,000 acre of public land. The ranch is located below Catlow Rim, where a large spring gushes from fissures in the rim wall. The spring feeds numerous ponds and meadows, providing habitat for wildlife as well as productive range land for cattle. The ranch has 20,000 acre of irrigated meadow lands that produce 200 ST of alfalfa each year. The ghost town of Blitzen is located on property owned by the ranch. In 2007, the Roaring Springs Ranch won the Environmental Stewardship Award sponsored by the National Cattlemen&#39;s Beef Association and the United States Department of Agriculture.</p><br>
<p>All of the public land in the Catlow Valley is administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). These public lands offer a number of recreational opportunities including hiking, hunting, fishing, bird watching, wildlife viewing, photography, and camping. Among the most popular game animals for hunters are mule deer, pronghorn, and chukars. Several of the canyon streams that flow into the valley offer the opportunity for trout fishing. There are no developed campgrounds in the valley; however, dispersed camping is allowed on land administered by the BLM. The availability of potable water is a limiting factor for both day-use visitors and campers.</p><br>
<h2>High Desert Discovery Scenic Byway</h2><br>
<p>The nearest town to the Catlow Valley is Burns, Oregon, the county seat of Harney County. Burns is approximately 65 mi north of the valley. To reach the Catlow Valley from Burns, follow the High Desert Discovery Scenic Byway south. The drive takes several hours. From Burns, travel east on Oregon Route 78 for 1.2 mi, then turn south on Oregon Route 205 toward Frenchglen. This highway crosses the Harney Basin, passing over The Narrows between Harney and Malheur lakes, and traverses the length of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge to Frenchglen. Continue on Route 205 through the small unincorporated community of Frenchglen and over a low pass approximately 4 mi into the northeast corner of the Catlow Valley.</p><br>
<p>Oregon Route 205 is the only paved road in the Catlow Valley. It follows Catlow Rim approximately 35 mi before turning east towards Fields, located on the far side of Steens Mountain. The High Desert Discovery Scenic Byway ends at Fields.</p><br>
<p>The main east–west road through the Catlow Valley is a rough gravel road that connects to Route 205 at the north end of the valley. It is not part of the High Desert Discovery Scenic Byway. After crossing the valley, the road leads west to the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge, 41 mi from the Route 205 junction. This road is not passable year-round; therefore, travelers should contact the local Bureau of Land Management office in Burns or the Hart Mountain National Antelope Refuge headquarters before taking it. There is no gas available along the road until the traveler reaches Plush, 24 mi west the refuge headquarters. Plush is 40 mi east of Lakeview. Lakeview is the nearest incorporated city west of the Catlow Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Beckham County Courthouse, located in Courthouse Square in Sayre, is the county courthouse of Beckham County, Oklahoma. The courthouse is considered a local landmark because it is the tallest building in Sayre. It is also one of the few courthouses in Oklahoma that has a dome.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse building</p><br>
<p>Built in 1911, the courthouse was designed by the architecture firm of Layton, Smith & Hawk and constructed by Oklahoma Quarries & Construction Co. The courthouse sits on a 1 acre parcel of land in downtown Sayre, at the intersection of Third and Walnut Streets. It is a three-story building measuring 66 feet in the east-west direction and 99 feet in the north-south direction. It is faced with tan bricks and stone. The east and west entrances to the courthouse each feature two Tuscan columns which span the second and third floors; the columns are flanked by brick pilasters. A dentillated cornice and a brick parapet encircle the building at its roof line.</p><br>
<p>Although the NRHP application did not list a particular style of architecture, another source claims that the building blends Neo-Classical and Second Renaissance Revival styles.</p><br>
<p>A large dome supported by twelve Doric columns rises from an octagonal base on the roof of the courthouse. A smaller dome, similarly styled and supported by twelve columns, rises from the top of the main dome. The large dome has flat panels for clocks facing four directions.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse appeared in the film The Grapes of Wrath, a 1940 adaptation of the John Steinbeck novel. Families headed to California (such as the Joads of the film) passed through Sayre on USA Route 66, and many viewed the city as the start of the West.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 23, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The West Winds Motel is a historic motel located on old USA Route 66 in Erick, Oklahoma. The motel opened in the mid-1940s to serve travelers on Route 66; at the time, tourism drove Erick&#39;s economy, and the motel was one of several in the city. The motel had a typical motor court layout with two lodging buildings and an office forming a "U" shape around a central courtyard. The lodging buildings have a Mission Revival design with stucco walls and red metal roofs designed to resemble tile. The motel units have individual garage spaces in front of their entrances, a style which was common in the 1930s and 1940s but fell out of favor in later years.</p><br>
<p>The motel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 27, 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Casa Grande Hotel is a historic hotel located at the intersection of 3rd Street and historic USA Route 66 in downtown Elk City, Oklahoma. The hotel opened in 1928, shortly after Route 66 was designated, to lodge the growing number of travelers on the highway. Architects Hawk and Parr designed the four-story building in the Spanish Eclectic style; their design features arched windows and doors and stone ornamentation along the arches. Spanish-influenced styles such as the Spanish Eclectic were common on the southwestern portion of Route 66 due to the region&#39;s Spanish history. The luxury hotel faded in popularity after the 1920s, and as a result, the Casa Grande is the only high-rise hotel on Route 66 between Oklahoma City and Amarillo, Texas.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Oaks is a historic plantation house located near Winnsboro, Fairfield County, South Carolina in the Piedmont region. It was built about 1850, and is a large, two-story, weatherboarded frame residence with a gable-end roof. The front façade features a central, two-tiered pedimented portico supported by four simple wooden columns. From 1856 the property was owned by John Montgomery Lemmon. Considered a moderately wealthy planter, in 1860 he owned 19 slaves and his entire plantation was worth $10,000.</p><br>
<p>This area was developed for cultivation of short-staple cotton in the 19th century, after the invention of the cotton gin, which made processing this type of cotton profitable. The antebellum residence was identified as notable by the state of South Carolina in 1983 and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Rural Point, also known as Robertson House and Doty House, is a historic home and garden located at Winnsboro, Fairfield County, South Carolina. It was built in 1852, and is a 1 1/2-story, 12 bay, Greek Revival style frame dwelling over a high basement. The façade features a gable-roofed porch which is supported by four square columns. The property features a semi-formal garden said to have been designed by John Grimke Drayton, noted landscape architect of Magnolia Gardens in Charleston, South Carolina. Also on the property is a typical southern planter’s office of white clapboard. It was built by William Ross Robertson, probate judge and commissioner of equity of Fairfield County who served in South Carolina House of Representatives and as a member of the Secession Convention.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Henrietta Brewer House, originally the Cottage House and now the Redclyffe Shore Motel, is a historic residence  on USA Route 1 in Robbinston, Maine, United States. Built between 1861 and 1863, the house is one of the finest examples of high-style Gothic Revival architecture in Down East Maine. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Henrietta Brewer House is set on a bluff overlooking the St. Croix River, about 12 mi south of Calais on United States Route 1. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure with irregular and somewhat rambling massing, with steeply pitched gable roof sections, and clapboard siding. The house&#39;s ornate Gothic Revival features include lancet-arch windows with eared hoods, jigsawn vergeboard in most of its gables, and finials at the points of the gables. The roof has two major north-south gabled sections, which are joined by a transverse section, with dormers projecting at a variety of points. The interior features high quality finishes in the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1861-63 for Henrietta Brewer, the wife of John Nehemiah Marks Brewer, whose Greek Revival house stands a short way to the south. Of the houses in this part of eastern Maine, it is the only major example of high Victorian Gothic style. Comparable houses in Calais (notably the Gilmore and Washburn houses, have a less formal Carpenter Gothic flavor.</p><br>
<p>The Elms is a historic mansion in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>It is located at 801 Washington Street in Natchez, Mississippi</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The mansion was built in 1804. It contained two ground floor rooms, two second floor rooms, a two-room attic, and one chimney. A decade later, in 1815, it was extended with a new two-story wing, a formal parlor on the first floor and a master bedroom on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>From 1825 to 1835, it served as a Presbyterian manse. In the early 1840s, it was used as a young ladies’ boarding school. In 1859, it belonged to Mrs and Mr Thomas Thornhill.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the American Civil War of 1861–1865, Mosely (John Posey) Drake (1817–1899) and Caroline (Love America) Drake (1823–1901) purchased the mansion. It remains in their family. The present owner is Esther Carpenter, an artist and a chef.</p><br>
<p>It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since November 7, 1976. It is used as a Bed & Breakfast.</p><br>
<p>Ridgeway Historic District is a national historic district located at Ridgeway, Fairfield County, South Carolina. The district encompasses 31 contributing buildings in the town of Ridgeway. A majority of the buildings in the district were built between 1890 and 1915, the heyday of cotton production in the area. The district includes a commercial block with a predominance of simply ornamented two-story brick stores and a residential block with primarily asymmetrical, frame, weatherboarded houses lining the tree shaded streets. Styles include Queen Anne, Neo-Classical, Victorian, and Bungalow. Notable buildings include the J. Spann Edmunds House, Augustus Talley Moore House, Thomas Co. Store, Ruff Furniture Store, Dobson&#39;s Drug</p><br>
<p>Store, Ridgeway Town Hall, Ruffs Gin Shop, James Teams Drugstore, and the Charlotte and South Carolina</p><br>
<p>Railroad House.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
